https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.107935
Abstract
Background: Fluoride has both protective and harmful effects. Optimal daily intake prevents dental caries, while excess may lead to dental fluorosis. In India, bottled beverages widely consumed by children are a significant yet inconsistent source of dietary fluoride.
Objectives: The study aimed to quantify fluoride levels in popular soft drinks, fruit juices, vegetables, and dairy products available in Tirupati and to assess their potential risk-benefit profile for oral health.
Materials and methods: This in vitro analytical study included 60 samples categorized into four groups: carbonated beverages, fruit juices, vegetables, and dairy products (n = 15 per group). Fluoride concentration was measured using a calibrated ion-selective electrode method. Data were analyzed using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Tukey’s post hoc test, with statistical significance set at p < 0.01.
Results: The mean fluoride concentration was highest in vegetables (1.42 ± 0.08 ppm), followed by dairy products (1.06 ± 0.05 ppm), fruit juices (0.90 ± 0.03 ppm), and carbonated beverages (0.82 ± 0.03 ppm). Among individual samples, spinach showed the highest fluoride level (1.52 ppm), while carbonated beverages exhibited the lowest values (0.80-0.83 ppm). A statistically significant difference in fluoride levels was observed among the groups (p < 0.001), with vegetables and dairy products demonstrating significantly higher concentrations than beverages.
Conclusion: Fluoride levels in commonly consumed foods and beverages show considerable variation, with potential implications for cumulative dietary fluoride exposure. Monitoring these sources is important to maintain a balance between caries prevention and the risk of fluorosis.
Recommendations: Regulation of fluoride levels in packaged foods and beverages is essential. Mandatory labeling of fluoride content should be implemented to aid informed decision-making. In low-fluoride environments, carefully calibrated supplementation may be warranted, while communities exposed to high dietary fluoride require monitoring to safeguard against fluorosis.