Over the past few decades, hundreds of studies worldwide have documented the effects of PFAS on thyroid hormone metabolism.
Below, we have listed 100 key studies since 2010 that we consider particularly important.
2026
Chae H, Kim EN, Park NY, Lee I, Lee YA, Jun JK, Cheon GJ, Park YJ, Kho Y, Cho SW, Choi K - "Prenatal PFAS Exposure in a Twin Pregnancy Cohort: Associations with Thyroid Disruption, Placental Malperfusion, and Fetal Growth Restriction" Environ Sci Technol 60(23):16435-16446 (2026)
https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.5c16517
"Placental gene expression analysis revealed reduced CD31 and MCT8 expression and elevated DIO3 expression in association with PFAS exposure and pathology, suggesting impaired placental vascular-endocrine function and disrupted maternal-fetal thyroid hormone transport. Together, these findings provide mechanistic evidence linking PFAS exposure to fetal growth impairment in twin pregnancies."
Ferrarini E, De Marco G, Coperchini F, Agretti P, Greco A, Franchi E, Magri F, Pignata L, Vitelli V, Saba A, Rotondi M, Tonacchera M - "A Double Endocrine-Disrupting Effect of PFAS on Intra- and Extra-Thyroid Targets: Inhibition of Iodide Uptake and Interference with MCT8-Mediated T3 Transport In Vitro" Environ Pollut 406:128672 (2026)
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2026.128672
"PFAS inhibited iodide uptake and interfered with MCT8-mediated T3 transport in vitro, affecting both intra-thyroid and extra-thyroid targets."
Li Y, Xing Y, Yin X, Zang S, Dong T, Yang J, Dai J, Pan Y, Sheng N, Li P - "Differential correlations of serum PFASs with thyroid hormones in girls with central and incomplete precocious puberty: a machine learning analysis" Front Mol Biosci 13:1884470 (2026)
https://doi.org/10.3389/fmolb.2026.1884470
"PFAS exposure and TH levels differ among central precocious puberty (CPP), incomplete precocious puberty (IPP) and healthy girls, with concentration-dependent associations. PFOA and PFBS are key thyroid disruptors, and IPP girls appear particularly sensitive."
Lin CY, Lee HL, Su TC - "Longitudinal PFAS exposure and thyroid function trajectories in Taiwanese youth: a 10-year prospective cohort study" Environment International 208:110106 (2026)
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2026.110106
"PFAS exposure was associated with lower TSH and higher free T4 over 10 years of follow-up, suggesting sustained thyroid-axis perturbation from adolescence into young adulthood."
Liu L, Cheng Y, Sun Z, Gao Y, He L, Yue Y, Xu S, Liu Y, Wang D, Gao H, Yan W, Song H, Yang X, Guo J, Li B, Huang Q, Gao Q, Yin J, Wang T - "Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substance Profiles and Associations with Thyroid Hormones in a Coal Mining Population from Shanxi Province, China" Environ Int 210:110247 (2026)
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2026.110247
"PFAS exposure levels were extraordinarily high and significantly associated with thyroid hormones. Emerging substitutes showed stronger effects and complex bidirectional influences, and mixture exposure exerted the same effects. Age and BMI served as important effect modifiers. Notably high PFAS exposure and their strong links to thyroid hormone homeostasis in coal mining population warranted further validation."
Mo Z, Yao J, Gu S, You Z, Guo F, Yan S, Li Y, Chi Y, Wang X, Fang Y, Pei J, Lou X, Chen Z, Fang M - "Mechanistic Insights into Perfluoroalkyl Substance-Induced Thyroid Hormone Disruption during Pregnancy: Evidence from Metabolomic Mediation Analysis" Environmental Science & Technology 60(11):8432-8445 (2026)
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.6c00973
"Notably, we prompted a previously underappreciated mechanistic link whereby PFAS-induced alternations in cortisol may modulate the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis through negative feedback, thereby perturbing thyroid function. Emerging PFASs (PFO5DoDA, C9 HFPO-TA, and 6:2 Cl-PFESA) exhibited more extensive or similar metabolite-mediated effects on thyroid function compared with legacy PFOA and PFOS, suggesting that PFAS alternatives may pose greater risks for thyroid disruption."
Pang Y, Wang Z, Gao Y, Zhang Y, Cao Y, Kang W, Fan L, Wang R, Zhang J, Lu P, Tian Y - "Prenatal per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances exposure and child neurodevelopment from birth to age 7: A prospective study in the Laizhou Wan Birth Cohort" J Hazard Mater 508:141933 (2026)
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2026.141933
"Findings suggest that prenatal PFAS exposure is associated with adverse neurodevelopmental outcomes and highlight thyroid hormone disruption and sex-specific susceptibility during early childhood."
Park S, Siwakoti RC, Ferguson KK, Cantonwine DE, Mukherjee B, McElrath TF, Meeker JD - "Associations of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) exposure and thyroid hormone concentration during pregnancy in the LIFECODES cohort" Int J Hyg Environ Health 275:114824 (2026)
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheh.2026.114824
"Both single-pollutant and mixture analyses revealed fetal sex specific and gestational timing specific associations. For example, in women carrying female fetuses, doubling in PFUA was associated with 7.35% reductions in TSH (95% CI: -13.13, -1.18). Associations between PFAS and T3 were most prominent earlier in pregnancy, whereas associations with TSH tended to emerge from mid-pregnancy onwards. We also observed suggestive mixture effects on T3, FT4, and T3/T4 in gestational timing specific manners. Conclusion: Prenatal exposure to individual and multiple PFAS congeners was associated with maternal thyroid hormone disruption, with effects varying by fetal sex and gestational age."
Stub M, Dahmen L, Niklas AA, Mandrup K, Kuehn C, Arnold S, Liersch AL, Ford J, Gilbert M, Renko K, Axelstad M, Svingen T, Ramhøj L - "In vitro and in vivo thyroid hormone system disruption by perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) and tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA)" Toxicology 520:154353 (2026) doi: 10.1016/j.tox.2025.154353
https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retriev ... 25)00312-9
"In time-mated rats, in utero and early postnatal exposure to PFOS (0.4 or 0.8 mg/kg bw/day) or TBBPA (250 or 500 mg/kg bw/day) reduced serum TH concentrations in dams and offspring, but neither chemical altered thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) in offspring. We observed no, or only modest, effects on thyroid gland histology. Both chemicals altered TH metabolism by deiodinase and dehalogenase enzymes and reduced iodine content in the thyroid. In the fetal brain, PFOS increased T3, while TBBPA decreased T4 in the postnatal brain. These findings demonstrate distinct TH-disrupting profiles of PFOS and TBBPA, differing from classic antithyroid compounds PTU and MMI."
Teng M, Zhuang J, Yang L, Chen Y, Andersen ME, Zhang Q, Qu W - "Cl-PFESA disrupts thyroid hormone secretion in human thyrocytes and nonmonotonic effects of iodide co-exposure" Toxicology 522:154428 (2026) doi: 10.1016/j.tox.2026.154428
https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retriev ... 26)00035-1
This new lab study found that the PFAS replacement chemical F-53B can directly overstimulate human thyroid cells at concentrations relevant to children’s serum levels, increasing T4 and T3 secretion via activation of PAX8. The effect was modified by iodide: low to moderate iodide enhanced hormone overproduction, while high iodide suppressed it. This suggests that so-called “replacement” PFAS may still disrupt thyroid function, and that iodine status can change the outcome.
Wang Z, Zhang B, Li W, Xu Y, Chang X, Lu D, Lin Y, Feng C, Qi X, Zhang J, Zhou Z - "Associations between prenatal and adolescent per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) exposure and pubertal development as well as endocrine hormones in girls from the Sheyang Mini Birth Cohort" Environmental Research 296:123995 (2026)
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2026.123995
Study revealed long-term endocrine disruption effects and alterations in pubertal maturation resulting from prenatal PFAS exposure. Cord serum PFOA concentration was significantly associated with earlier menarche. Prenatal PFAS were associated with increased T4 level, while adolescent PFAS were associated with elevated TSH and reproductive hormone levels.
Wen W, Yan S, Chen X, Gu S, Guo F, Chen Z, Mao G, Qin R, Wang X, Lou X, Ye W, Mo Z - "Effects of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances on maternal thyroid function: a stratified analysis by maternal iodine status and thyroid autoantibody status" BMC Pregnancy Childbirth (2026)
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12884-026-09599-9
"When all 13 PFASs were modeled as a mixture, higher PFAS concentrations were associated with lower FT3 levels...Meanwhile, the mixture composed of PFASs identified as significant in single-pollutant models was additionally associated with higher TSH and an increased FT4/FT3 ratio. Iodine status and thyroid autoantibody status appeared to modify these associations."
Yu Y, Wang Y, Su X, Wang Q, Wang C, Cai Z, Zhao Y, Zhang T, Hu D, Liu Z - "Exposure to per- and polyfluoroalkyl substance (PFAS) mixtures increases papillary thyroid cancer risk and clinicopathological aggressiveness: Findings from a case-control study and risk assessment" Ecotoxicol Environ Saf. 312:119941 (2026) doi: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2026.119941
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/a ... 1326002708
"PFBS and 8:2Cl-PFESA showed significant negative dose-response relationships with FT3 levels in patients, suggesting a potential link between PFAS-induced thyroid disruption and carcinogenesis. The derived oral CRfD for PFOS, based on triiodothyronine reduction, was 40 ng/kg·bw/day....PFAS exposure is associated with an increased risk of PTC, potentially through mechanisms involving thyroid hormone disruption and the promotion of more aggressive tumor characteristics. These results underscore the need for stricter regulation of industrial PFAS emissions and enhanced thyroid function monitoring in high-risk populations."
2025
Begum TF, Byrne SC, Carpenter DO - "Assessing PFAS mixture exposure and thyroid function in U.S. adolescents: insights from NHANES 2011-2012" Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 32(46):26114-26125 (2025)
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-025-37134-4
NHANES 2011–2012 analysis relating serum PFAS mixture profiles to thyroid hormone markers in U.S. adolescents. Factor 1 (long-chain carboxylates: PFUnA, PFDA, PFNA) was significantly positively associated with free T4 in males but negatively associated with total T4 in females. PFASs may alter hormone clearance or interfere with feedback regulation. Factor 2 (sulfonates: PFHxS, PFOS, MeFOSAA, and PFOA) exposure was negatively associated with total T4 and positively associated with TSH in males, with statistical significance. Greater exposure to Factor 3 (PFHpA) was significantly associated with increased total T4 in males. Overall, exposure to Factors 1 and 2 was predominantly linked to lower thyroid hormone levels, whereas Factor 3 was positively associated with thyroid hormones. These findings highlight the importance of evaluating PFAS mixtures rather than individual compounds and suggest sex-specific thyroid hormone disruptions.
Bounds JG, Renyer A, Ford JL, Ravindra K, Devito MJ, Hughes MF, Wehmas LC, Brennan AA, Wetmore BA, MacMillan DK - "Evaluations of Sex Differences in Dosimetry in Rats Following Perfluorohexanesulfonamide (PFHxSA) Oral Exposure" Toxics 13(12):1022 (2025)
https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics13121022
"Concentrations of T4 generally decreased with increasing dose (Table 1). Two-way ANOVA testing indicated that dose and sex had a significant impact on T4 plasma concentrations (p < 0.05) and indicated statistically significant interaction between the variables compared to controls for males (10, 30, 100 mg/kg/day) (p < 0.0001) and females (100 mg/kg/day) (p < 0.001)."
Cai Z, Zhou G, Yu X, Du Y, Man Q, Wang WC - "Perfluorooctanoic acid disrupts thyroid hormone biosynthesis by altering glycosylation of Na+/I- symporter in larval zebrafish" Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 297:118249 (2025) doi: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2025.118249
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/a ... 1325005858
"The dysfunction of NIS is due to its improper glycosylation caused by PFOA through the TSH-dependent signaling pathway."
Chung SM, Cha JH, Jung YH, Kim JH, Moon JS, Won KC - "Non-linear associations between exposure to a mixture of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances and thyroid hormone levels in Korean adults" Environ Int 201:109585 (2025) doi: 10.1016/j.envint.2025.109585
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/a ... 2025003368
"Mixed PFAS exposure decreases TSH levels, particularly in women, and increases the risk of thyroid disease."
Conley JM, Lambright CS, Evans N, Bangma J, Ford J, Hill D, Kakaley EM, Gray LE Jr - "Maternal, fetal, and neonatal toxicity and potency estimates of perfluorohexane sulfonate (PFHxS) from oral maternal exposure in the Sprague-Dawley rat" Toxicology 518:154245 (2025) doi: 10.1016/j.tox.2025.154245
https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retriev ... 25)00204-5
PFHxS reduced maternal serum thyroid hormones, with total T4 decreased after GD14-18 exposure at ≥10 mg/kg/day, and total T3 and T4 decreased after GD8-PND2 exposure at ≥10 mg/kg/day. In pups, PFHxS caused broader thyroid hormone suppression, reducing serum T3, rT3, and T4 at ≥3 mg/kg/day, making neonatal thyroid disruption one of the more sensitive reported effects.
Coperchini F, Greco A, Franchi E, Limiroli M, Croce L, Teliti M, Calì B, Dorji T, Denegri M, Magri F, Rotondi M - "Evaluation of the effects of PFCAs on spheroid thyroid cells in primary culture: Effects on thyroid function-related genes, tumorigenesis and oxidative stress" Environ Toxicol Pharmacol. 119:104799 (2025) doi: 10.1016/j.etap.2025.104799
"Our results demonstrated that all three compounds modulated the level of the mRNA of genes associated with the synthesis and action of thyroid hormones, and they also altered thyroid homeostasis. In particular, PFHxA showed the most powerful thyroid disrupting effect. Moreover, increased mRNA expression of PAX8 and elevated ROS levels in thyroid cells suggested a potential pro-tumorigenic effect of PFCAs."
Hartmann HA, Caroland KP, Tumbic GW, Rampy J, Chen HC, Chen SC, Mannes C, Wahoski CC, Loberg MA, Liang C, Diaz D, Tigue ML, Sheng Q, Ye F, Lee E, Weiss VL - "PFAS Alter Thyroid Histology and Cellular Signaling In Vitro and In Vivo" Journal of the Endocrine Society 10(2):bvaf210 (2025)
https://doi.org/10.1210/jendso/bvaf210
Mice receiving PFAS treatment showed altered thyroid architecture and cell structure following PFAS exposure. RNA-sequencing data revealed several alterations in gene expression and multiple signaling pathways were dysregulated.
Jang H, Bennett DH, Hoofnagle AN, Pearce EN, Tancredi DJ, Schmidt RJ, Shin HM - "Prenatal Exposure to Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances and Maternal Thyroid Function during Pregnancy in a Cohort with High Familial Likelihood of Autism Spectrum Disorder" Environmental Science & Technology (Online ahead of print) (2025).
https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.5c13063
"Perfluorooctanesulfonate (PFOS) and perfluorohexanesulfonate (PFHxS) were associated with TT4 (per 1-unit increase in ln-transformed concentrations β [95% confidence interval, CI]: 1.005 [0.108, 1.903] for PFOS; -0.581 [-1.160, -0.002] for PFHxS) and FT4-to-TT4 ratio (-0.153 [-0.270, -0.036] for PFOS; 0.090 [0.013, 0.166] for PFHxS). In the network map, PFAS were directly and indirectly associated with non-TD diagnosis, while TT3 was conditionally associated with non-TD. These findings indicate that prenatal PFAS exposure could interfere with maternal thyroid function, potentially impacting fetal neurodevelopment."
Liu C, Gu S, Guo F, Mao G, Wang Y, Xu P, Li X, Li Y, Chen Z, Wang X, Lou X, Mo Z - "Associations of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances and alternatives with thyroid hormones in pregnant women: A cross-sectional study in China" Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 308:119498 (2025) doi: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2025.119498
PFAS exposures were linked to thyroid disruption in pregnant women, mainly higher TSH and slightly lower FT4. Individually, PFDoDA was associated with a 6.37% lower FT4, PFMOAA with a 32.52% higher TSH plus a 2.33% lower FT4, and 8:2 Cl-PFESA with a 28.46% higher TSH. Mixture modeling (Qgcomp) showed a significant overall association of PFAS mixtures with higher TSH (21.04% increase; 95% CI 3.11% to 42.09%), with 8:2 Cl-PFESA and PFMOAA contributing the most.
Li S, Li J, Wu Y, Liu X, Zhang L – "Bayesian benchmark dose assessment of per- and polyfluorinated substances exposure-associated thyroid function disruption during pregnancy" Food and Chemical Toxicology 201:115456 (2025). doi: 10.1016/j.fct.2025.115456
https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retriev ... 25)00224-8
"PFASs were associated with the FT4/TSH ratio at the 25th to 40th percentile. The BMD value of the increasing FT4 effect induced by PFBA and PFPeA in pregnant women were 6.68 ng/mL and 1.37 ng/mL, respectively... The fact that BMD results at this stage are lower than current exposure levels to PFHxS underscores the urgency of prioritizing endocrine end points in PFASs risk assessment."
Mousavi SE, Zarean M, Yu J, Abbasi S, Kwong RWM - "Identifying possible neurodevelopmental effects of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) through an adverse outcome pathway (AOP) network for human developmental neurotoxicology" Science of the Total Environment 1011:181170 (2025)
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2025.181170
"PFAS interferes with thyroid hormone metabolism and Ca2+ homeostasis, leading to reduced thyroxine levels and elevated intracellular Ca2+ concentrations in neural cells. These disruptions culminate in diminished synaptogenesis and neuroplasticity, weakened neuronal connectivity, and ultimately deficits in memory, learning, and cognitive performance." NOTE: Ca2+ = Gq/11 pathway
Noyes TS, Abington LM, van 't Erve TJ, Wang L, McDonald JM, Wasilevich EA, Gray JS, Karrer TA, Smith K, Bailey JM - "Per and polyfluoroalkyl substances affect thyroid hormones for people with a history of exposure from drinking water" Sci Rep 15(1):12502 (2025) doi: 10.1038/s41598-025-91977-y
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-025-91977-y
"We observed cross-sectional associations between a mixture of serum PFAS concentrations and thyroid hormone dysregulation, largely manifesting as decreased TT3 serum concentrations."
Sosnowska A, Mudlaff M, Mombelli E, Behnisch P, Zdybel S, Besselink H, Kuckelkorn J, Bulawska N, Kepka K, Kowalska D, Brouwer A, Puzyn T - "Identification of new PFAS for severe interference with thyroid hormone transport: A combined in vitro/silico approach" J Hazard Mater 491:137949 (2025) doi: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2025.137949
https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retriev ... 9425008659
"The predictions indicated that more than 7500 compounds were active with over 100 PFAS potentially causing even greater adverse effects than PFOA."
Stub M, Dahmen L, Niklas AA, Mandrup K, Kuehn C, Arnold S, Liersch AL, Ford J, Gilbert M, Renko K, Axelstad M, Svingen T, Ramhøj L - "In vitro and in vivo thyroid hormone system disruption by perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) and tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA)" Toxicology:154353 (2025)
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tox.2025.154353
PFOS disrupts the thyroid hormone (TH) system of rat dams and offspring. PFOS increases brain T3 in fetuses and inhibits MCT8 and NIS in vitro.
Valcarcel-Hernandez V, Butruille L, Remaud S - "Effects of thyroid disruption on neural stem cells fate in the mouse brain" Presse Med. 2025:104312 (2025) doi: 10.1016/j.lpm.2025.104312
https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retriev ... 8225000454
"PFAS, including PFOS and PFOA, interfere with TH signaling by altering TH synthesis, transport, and receptor interactions. In rodent models, PFOS exposure during critical developmental periods reduced myelin production and impaired remyelination processes. These effects were linked to TH modulation and were partially reversible with T3 supplementation."
van Larebeke N, Cox B, Remy S, Voorspoels S, Den Hond E, Colles A, Leermakers M, Schoeters G, Verheyen V - "Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), thyroid hormones, sexual hormones and pubertal development in adolescents residing in the neighborhood of a 3M factory" Environ Health 24(1):34 (2025) doi: 10.1186/s12940-025-01188-1
https://ehjournal.biomedcentral.com/art ... 25-01188-1
"Associations with thyroid hormones differed significantly by sex.....For males, TSH showed a significant negative association with PFDA and FT3 showed significant positive associations with PFOA, PFOA and PFNA. For females, FT3 showed a significant negative association with PFOS (branched)."
Wang F, Zhang X, Hu Y, Wang G, Pi J, Wang T, Guo H, Zhang M, Zhang L, Xu Y - "Association of coexposure to per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances and heavy metals with thyroid function across varied age pregnant women and the potential role of hemoglobin" Int J Hyg Environ Health. 266:114574 (2025) doi: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2025.114574
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/a ... 3925000562
"Our study demonstrated a negative association between PFAS and HMs coexposure and FT3 levels, which was even more pronounced and partly masked by hemoglobin in the nonadvanced age group of pregnant women. PFOA was the primary pollutant affecting this association."
Wild LE, DiStefano N, Forman G, Arocha BI, Lee MS, Borowsky PA, Franzmann E, Solle N, Caban-Martinez AJ, Kobetz E - "Socioeconomic Disparities and Risk of Papillary Thyroid Cancer Associated with Environmental Exposure to Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) in Florida" Int J Environ Res Public Health 22(8):1290 (2025) doi: 10.3390/ijerph22081290
https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/22/8/1290
"Residential proximity to PFAS sites was positively associated with age-adjusted PTC (Papillary Thyroid Cancer) incidence in Non-Hispanic Whites and Hispanics. These results demonstrate disparities in environmental exposure and suggest that exposure to PFAS may be an important factor for PTC risk at the population level and should be considered in the development of public health policies."
Xie Z, Jin L, Wu Q, Ji H, Miao M, Song X, Zhu H, Su H, Yuan W, Liang H - "Maternal per- and polyfluoroalkyl substance concentrations and placental DNA methylation of thyroid hormone-related genes" J Hazard Mater 489:137545 (2025) doi: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2025.137545
Evidence for associations between prenatal PFAS exposure and epigenetic changes in placental TH-related genes.
Yu Y, Ning K, Liu X, Liang Y, Jiao Z, Zou B, Cai T, Yang Z, Chen W, Wu T, Jiang M, Yang A - "Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) exposure is associated with radioiodine therapy resistance and dedifferentiation of differentiated thyroid cancer" Environ Pollut 367:125629 (2025) doi: 10.1016/j.envpol.2025.125629
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/a ... 9125000028
"PFAS exposure significantly increased the malignant progression of thyroid cancer, reduced iodine uptake ability, and promoted dedifferentiation."
Yu X, Liu Y, Wang M, Jia P, Yang S, Sun F, Jin Y, Wang X, Guo Z, Zhao G, Gao B - "Association Between Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substance Exposures and Thyroid Homeostasis Parameters" J Clin Endocrinol Metab 110(8):e2723-e2736 (2025) doi: 10.1210/clinem/dgae798
https://academic.oup.com/jcem/article-a ... 23/7903220
"Consistently, PFAS concentrations per quantile were linked to an increase in FT3/FT4 (β = 0.004, P = .002) and SPINA-GD (β = 0.392, P = .008) in QGC models, with PFOA having the highest weight in all models...This study revealed that PFAS exposures may affect peripheral thyroid hormone sensitivity..." [Deiodination]
Zhou Y, Xu L, Yan Y, Li Y, Wang S, Ding X, Zhu P, Jiao J, Zhang L, Ma J, Chen L - "Association and binding interaction between per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances and maternal thyroid hormones: A case study based on a prospective birth cohort in Wuxi, China" Environ Res 275:121439 (2025) doi: 10.1016/j.envres.2025.121439
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/a ... 5125006905
"Most PFASs were negatively associated with maternal free thyroxine (FT4) and thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels, whereas perfluorobutane sulfonate (PFBS) was positively correlated with TSH levels...PFASs exposure may affect THs homeostasis during pregnancy. Moreover, different types and concentrations of PFASs have different effects on THs in the maternal serum."
2024
Averina M, Huber S, Almås B, Brox J, Jacobsen BK, Furberg AS, Grimnes G - "Early menarche and other endocrine disrupting effects of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in adolescents from Northern Norway. The Fit Futures study" Environ Res 242:117703 (2024). doi: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.117703
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/a ... 5123025070
"Perfluoroundecanoate (PFUnDA) was negatively associated with free thyroxine (fT4) and free triiodothyronine (fT3) in boys. PFNA and PFDA were also negatively associated with fT3 in boys."
Bali SK, Martin R, Almeida NMS, Saunders C, Wilson AK - "Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl (PFAS) Disruption of Thyroid Hormone Synthesis" ACS Omega 9(38):39554-39563 (2024). doi: 10.1021/acsomega.4c03578
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11425649/
"Mid- to long-chain PFAS impact thyroid hormone synthesis by changing the local hydrogen bond network as well as the required orientation of hormonogenic residues, stopping the production of thyroxine (T4)."
Conley JM, Lambright CS, Evans N, Bangma J, Ford J, Hill D, Medlock-Kakaley E, Gray LE Jr - "Maternal and Neonatal Effects of Maternal Oral Exposure to Perfluoro-2-methoxyacetic Acid (PFMOAA) during Pregnancy and Early Lactation in the Sprague-Dawley Rat" Environ Sci Technol (2024) doi: 10.1021/acs.est.3c08559
https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acs.est.3c08559
"Reduced pup liver glycogen, increased liver weights and reduced thyroid hormone levels (maternal and pup) were the most sensitive end points modeled."
Conley JM, Lambright CS, Evans N, Bangma J, Ford J, Hill D, Gray LE Jr - "Long-chain perfluoroalkylether carboxylic acids PFO5DoA and PFO4DA alter glucose, bile acid, and thyroid hormone homeostasis in fetal rats from 5-day maternal oral exposure" Environ Res 263(Pt 3):120210 (2024) doi: 10.1016/j.envres.2024.120210
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/a ... 5124021170
"PFO4DA and PFO5DoA both significantly reduced serum total thyroxine in maternal (≥10 mg/kg for both) and fetal (≥1 mg/kg) rats. Both compounds significantly reduced fetal liver glycogen concentrations, increased fetal serum total bile acids, and altered expression levels of multiple genes associated with glucose metabolism in the fetal liver."
Davidsen N, Ramhøj L, Ballegaard AR, Rosenmai AK, Henriksen CS, Svingen T - "Perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS) disrupts cadherin-16 in the developing rat thyroid gland" Curr Res Toxicol 6:100154 (2024). doi: 10.1016/j.crtox.2024.100154
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10861841/
Du X, Wu Y, Tao G, Xu J, Du Z, Wu M, Gu T, Xiong J, Xiao S, Wei X, Ruan Y, Xiao P, Zhang L, Zheng W - "Association between PFAS exposure and thyroid health: A systematic review and meta-analysis for adolescents, pregnant women, adults and toxicological evidence" Sci Total Environ 953:175958 (2024). doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.175958
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/a ... 972406114X
"This study revealed that both traditional and emerging PFAS have demonstrated the capacity to perturb the thyroid endocrine system."
He L, Zhang X, Xu P, Sheng J, Lou X, Chen Z, Wu L, Xiang J, Cheng P, Xu D, Chen Y, Chen G, Wang X - "Associations of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances and alternatives with subclinical hypothyroidism in children: A cross-sectional study in China" Sci Total Environ 957:177809 (2024) doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.177809
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/a ... 972407966X
"Both PFASs and their alternatives were associated with altered thyroid hormone levels and subclinical hypothyroidism."
He S, Xie C, Wang Y, Wang Y, Fan C, Su S, Qian M, Yang Y - "PFOA substitute GenX at a sub-cytotoxic level exhibits thyroid-disrupting effects by inhibiting the expression of thyroid transcription factor 1" Environ Pollut 367:125594 (2024) . doi: 10.1016/j.envpol.2024.125594
https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retriev ... 24)02311-X
"GenX at 0.001 ng/mL significantly reduced the expression of Thyroid Transcription Factor 1 (TTF-1) on both mRNA and protein levels. Further analysis showed that GenX suppressed TTF-1 expression through the inhibition of Wnt/β-catenin pathway."
He S, He J, Ma S, Wei K, Wu F, Xu J, Jin X, Zhao Y, Martyniuk CJ - "Liquid crystal monomers disrupt photoreceptor patterning of zebrafish larvae via thyroid hormone signaling" Environ Int 188:108747 (2024) doi: 10.1016/j.envint.2024.108747
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/a ... 2024003337
"Exposure to FLCMs [fluorinated liquid crystal monomers] also disrupted thyroid hormone levels and perturbed the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis by affecting key enzymes and protein in zebrafish larvae. A thyroid hormone-dependent GH3 cell viability assay supported the hypothesis that FLCMs act as thyroid hormone disrupting chemicals. It was also determined that FLCMs containing aliphatic ring structures may have a higher potential for T3 antagonism compared to FLCMs without an aliphatic ring. Molecular docking in silico suggested that FLCMs may affect biological functions of thyroxine binding globulin, membrane receptor integrin, and thyroid receptor beta."
Moyano P, Guzmán G, Flores A, García J, Guerra-Menéndez L, Sanjuan J, Plaza JC, Abascal L, Mateo O, Del Pino J - "Thyroid Hormone Neuroprotection Against Perfluorooctane Sulfonic Acid Cholinergic and Glutamatergic Disruption and Neurodegeneration Induction" Biomedicines. 12(11):2441 (2024) doi: 10.3390/biomedicines12112441
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11591898/
"In the present study, we found that PFOS treatment (1 or 14 days) decreased thyroid receptor α (TRα) activity by decreasing its protein levels and increased T3 metabolism through increased deiodinase 3 (D3) levels....effects mediated through M1R disruption. All these effects were mediated through decreased T3 activity and T3 supplementation partially restored to the normal state." M1R is coupled to Gq/11
Narizzano AM, May Lent E, East AG, Bohannon ME, Quinn MJ Jr - "Threshold for increased liver weight is protective of other effects in peromyscus exposed to PFNA" Toxicol Sci (2024) Jun 14:kfae077. doi: 10.1093/toxsci/kfae077
https://academic.oup.com/toxsci/advance ... 77/7693701
(Decreased T4, increased stillbirths)
Tan K, Zhang QQ, Wang Y, Wang C, Hu C, Wang L, Liu H, Tian Z- "Associations between per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances exposure and thyroid hormone levels in the elderly" Science of The Total Environment 170761 (2024)
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.170761.
"Exposure to PFAS was common in the elderly population and was associated with decreased TSH and FT4 levels and increased T4 and T3 levels. These results indicated that PFASs may cause thyroid-disrupting effects in the elderly population."
Wang Z, Yang W, Xu M, Li B, Chen M, Hu J, Wu P, Wu W - "Associations between gestational exposure to perfluoroalkyl substances, fetal growth, and the mediation effect of thyroid hormones" Sci Rep 14(1):25176 (2024). doi: 10.1038/s41598-024-75210-w.
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-024-75210-w
"Maternal free triiodothyronine (FT3) mediated 36.7% of the negative association between PFNA and birth length, and free thyroxine (FT4) mediated 30.8% of the effect of PFOA on head circumference. When performing stratified analysis by infant sex, the associations might differ between boys and girls."
Wang F, Lin Y, Qin L, Zeng X, Jiang H, Liang Y, Wen S, Li X, Huang S, Li C, Luo X, Yang X - "Serum metabolome associated with novel and legacy per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances exposure and thyroid cancer risk: A multi-module integrated analysis based on machine learning" Environ Int 195:109203 (2024) doi: 10.1016/j.envint.2024.109203
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/a ... 2024007906
"PFAS exposure is linked to a higher risk of thyroid cancer."
Xie LN, Wang XC, Su LQ, Ji SS, Gu W, Barrett H, Dong XJ, Zhu HJ, Hou SS, Li ZH, Liu YL, Zhang L, Zhu Y - "The association between per-/polyfluoroalkyl substances in serum and thyroid function parameters: A cross-sectional study on teenagers living near a Chinese fluorochemical industrial plant" Sci Total Environ 920:170985 (2024). doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.170985
https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retriev ... 9724011240
"Decreased levels of FT4 (19.0 %) and elevated levels of FT3 (29.8 %) were observed."
Xing Y, Li Z, Wang J, Qu Y, Hu Q, Ji S, Chang X, Zhao F, Lv Y, Pan Y, Shi X, Dai J - "Associations between serum per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances and thyroid hormones in Chinese adults: A nationally representative cross-sectional study" Environ Int 184:108459 (2024). doi: 10.1016/j.envint.2024.108459
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/a ... 202400045X
"Both individual PFASs and PFAS mixtures exhibited a significant inverse association with serum T3 and T4 levels, and displayed a positive association with the T4/T3 ratio...Specifically, for perfluoroheptane sulfonic acid (PFHpS) and 6:2 chlorinated polyfluorinated ether sulfonate (6:2 Cl-PFESA), an initial decline in hormone levels was observed, followed by a slight increase when concentrations surpassed 0.7 ng/mL and 2.5 ng/mL, respectively. Sex-specific effects were more pronounced in females, and significant associations were observed predominantly in younger age groups."
Yi S, Wang J, Wang R, Liu M, Zhong W, Zhu L, Jiang G - "Structure-Related Thyroid Disrupting Effect of Perfluorooctanesulfonate-like Substances in Zebrafish Larvae" Environ Sci Technol (2024) 58(1):182-193. doi: 10.1021/acs.est.3c07003 3.
https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acs.est.3c07003
"PFOS-like substances could competitively replace THs to bind with TH plasma and membrane transporters, thereby disrupting TH transport and action, respectively. Moreover, they are also potent to disrupt TH synthesis and activation through Na+/K+-dependent transport of I- or competitive binding to the sites of deiodinases."
Yu X, Liu Y, Wang M, Jia P, Yang S, Sun F, Jin Y, Wang X, Guo Z, Zhao G, Gao B - "Association between per- and polyfluoroalkyl substance exposures and thyroid homeostasis parameters" J Clin Endocrinol Metab 18:dgae798 (2024). doi: 10.1210/clinem/dgae798
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39556482/ NHANES
"The ratio of free triiodothyronine/free thyroxine (FT3/FT4) and the sum activity of peripheral deiodinases (SPINA-GD) were positively associated with perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), perfluorooctanesulfonic acid, perfluorononanoic acid and perfluorohexane sulfonic acid, respectively...Consistently, PFAS concentrations per quantile was linked to an increase in FT3/FT4 and SPINA-GD in GQC models, with PFOA having the highest weight in all models.This study revealed that PFAS exposures may affect peripheral thyroid hormone sensitivity...enhancing our understanding of the correlation between PFAS exposure and thyroid hormones and providing insights into potential health implications."
2023
Alsen M, Leung AM, van Gerwen M - "Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) in Community Water Systems (CWS) and the Risk of Thyroid Cancer: An Ecological Study" Toxics 11(9):786 (2023). doi: 10.3390/toxics11090786
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10537801/
"A statistically significant correlation was found between perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), perfluorononanoic acid (PFNA), and thyroid cancer incidence. The results suggest a potential link between certain PFAS exposures and thyroid cancer risk."
Averina M, Huber S, Almås B, Brox J, Jacobsen BK, Furberg AS, Grimnes G - "Early menarche and other endocrine disrupting effects of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in adolescents from Northern Norway. The Fit Futures study" Environ Res 242:117703 (2023). doi: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.117703
"Serum concentrations of several PFAS were associated with parathyroid and steroid hormones in both sexes, and with thyroid hormones in boys, as well as with early menarche in girls and higher PDS in boys."
Cao Z, Li J, Yang M, Gong H, Xiang F, Zheng H, Cai X, Xu S, Zhou A, Xiao H - "Prenatal exposure to perfluorooctane sulfonate alternatives and associations with neonatal thyroid stimulating hormone concentration: A birth cohort study" Chemosphere 311(Pt 1):136940 (2023) doi: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.136940
https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retriev ... 22)03433-6
"Our prospective cohort study suggested a negative association of cord serum PFBS and 8:2 CI-PFESA with TSH concentration in newborns, especially for boys."
Degitz SJ, Olker JH, Denny JS, Degoey PP, Hartig PC, Cardon MC, Eytcheson SA, Haselman JT, Mayasich SA, Hornung MW - "In vitro screening of per- and polyfluorinated substances (PFAS) for interference with seven thyroid hormone system targets across nine assays" Toxicol In Vitro 95:105762 (2023). doi: 10.1016/j.tiv.2023.105762
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/a ... 3323002114
"In the initial single-concentration screening, 28 of the test chemicals caused inhibition of the hDIO1 [Deiodinase 1] with an activity >20%...Nineteen of these chemicals showed inhibition ≥50%."
Du Y, Chen C, Zhou G, Cai Z, Man Q, Liu B, Wang WC - "Perfluorooctanoic acid disrupts thyroid-specific genes expression and regulation via the TSH-TSHR signaling pathway in thyroid cells" Environ Res 239(Pt 1):117372 (2023). doi: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.117372
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37827365/
"Based on these findings, it can be inferred that PFOA disrupts the TSH-activated cAMP signaling pathway by inhibiting TSHR expression and its N-glycosylation. We propose that this mechanism may contribute to the decrease in thyroid hormone levels caused by PFOA."
Freire C, Vela-Soria F, Castiello F, Salamanca-Fernández E, Quesada-Jiménez R, López-Alados MC, Fernandez MF, Olea N - "Exposure to perfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) and association with thyroid hormones in adolescent males" Int J Hyg Environ Health 252:114219 (2023). doi: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2023.114219
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/a ... 3923001104
"Associations were observed mostly in boys with lower iodine intake...The PFAS mixture was positively associated with higher free T4 in boys with lower iodine intake."
Hu L, Mei H, Cai X, Xiang F, Li N, Huang Z, Duan Z, Yang P, Xiao H - "A co-twin control study of in utero exposure to poly- and perfluoroalkyl substances and associations with neonatal thyroid-stimulating hormone" Environ Res 239(Pt 1):117350 (2023) doi: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.117350.
https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retriev ... 23)02154-0
"Our present study suggests that higher maternal and cord plasma PFAS concentrations are associated with increased neonatal TSH, and genetic and familial factors contribute to these associations."
Li A, Hou J, Fu J, Wang Y, Hu Y, Zhuang T, Li M, Song M, Jiang G - "Association between serum levels of TSH and free T4 and per- and polyfluoroalkyl compounds concentrations in pregnant women" J Environ Sci (China) 124:11-18 (2023). doi: 10.1016/j.jes.2021.10.026
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/a ... 4221004472
"We found that perfluorobutanoic acid (PFBA) and perfluorodecanoic acid (PFDA) were suggestive of significant association with TSH in thyroid peroxidase antibody (TPOAb) negative women."
Li H, Yang M, Yang J, Seery S, Ma C, Liu Y, Zhang X, Li A, Guo H - "Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances and the associated thyroid cancer risk: A case-control study in China" Chemosphere 337:139411 (2023). doi: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.139411
https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retriev ... 23)01678-8
"In the overall mixture, PFOS and PFDA contributed most to positive and negative changes in thyroid cancer risk, respectively. However, PFOS, PFNA, PFDA, and PFUnDA were of equally high importance. This study is the first to confirm the effects of the PFAS mixture on thyroid cancer, and further large-scale prospective studies are still warranted to test these inverse associations."
Liu J, Song L, Zhan J, Zhong Y, Shi Z - "Occurrence of legacy and alternative per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in serum from high exposure population and their disrupting effects on serum lipids and thyroid function" Sci Total Environ 878:162988 (2023) doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.162988
https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retriev ... 23)01606-6
"Co-exposure of legacy long-chain PFAS showed synergistic effects on the free thyroxine, while the mixture of alternative PFAS showed a synergistic influence on the total and free triiodothyronine."
Liu X, Zhang L, Liu J, Zaya G, Wang Y, Xiang Q, Li J, Wu Y - "6:2 Chlorinated Polyfluoroalkyl Ether Sulfonates Exert Stronger Thyroid Homeostasis Disruptive Effects in Newborns than Perfluorooctanesulfonate: Evidence Based on Bayesian Benchmark Dose Values from a Population Study" Environ Sci Technol 57(31):11489-11498 (2023) doi: 10.1021/acs.est.3c03952
https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acs.est.3c03952
"These findings suggest that 6:2 Cl-PFESA, an alternative to PFOS, has a more pronounced impact on newborns’ thyroid homeostasis compared to PFOS and other legacy PFASs."
Sebastiano M, Jouanneau W, Blévin P, Angelier F, Parenteau C, Pallud M, Ribout C, Gernigon J, Lemesle JC, Robin F, Pardon P, Budzinski H, Labadie P, Chastel O - "Physiological effects of PFAS exposure in seabird chicks: A multi-species study of thyroid hormone triiodothyronine, body condition and telomere length in South Western France" Sci Total Environ 901:165920 (2023) doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.165920
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/a ... 972304545X
"These results corroborate previous findings and need to be further explored as they suggest that PFAS may interfere with the physiological status of chicks during the developmental period, potentially inducing long-lasting consequences."
Rodríguez-Carrillo A, Salamanca-Fernández E, den Hond E, Verheyen VJ, Fábelová L, Murinova LP, Pedraza-Díaz S, Castaño A, García-Lario JV, Remy S, Govarts E, Schoeters G, Olea N, Freire C, Fernández MF - "Association of exposure to perfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) and phthalates with thyroid hormones in adolescents from HBM4EU aligned studies" Environ Res 237(Pt 1):116897 (2023) doi: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.116897
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/a ... 5123017012
"In females, PFOA and the PFAS mixture were associated with lower FT4 and higher FT3. In males, PFOA was associated with lower FT4 and the PFAS mixture with higher TSH."
Rosen Vollmar AK, Lin EZ, Nason SL, Santiago K, Johnson CH, Ma X, Godri Pollitt KJ, Deziel NC - "Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) and thyroid hormone measurements in dried blood spots and neonatal characteristics: a pilot study" J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol 33(5):737-747 (2023). doi: 10.1038/s41370-023-00603-4
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10541328/
van Gerwen M, Colicino E, Guan H, Dolios G, Nadkarni GN, Vermeulen RCH, Wolff MS, Arora M, Genden EM, Petrick LM - "Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) exposure and thyroid cancer risk" EBioMedicine 97:104831 (2023) doi: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2023.104831
https://www.thelancet.com/journals/ebio ... 3/fulltext
"This study reports associations between exposure to PFAS and increased rate of (papillary) thyroid cancer. Thyroid cancer risk from PFAS exposure is a global concern given the prevalence of PFAS exposure."
Wang X, Yang L, Wang Z, Feng X, Ji H, Liang H, Song X, Miao M - "Association between perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances and maternal thyroid-related hormones in pregnant women" J Environ Occup Med 40(12):661-666 (2023)
https://www.jeom.org/cn/article/doi/10.11836/JEOM22314
https://pesquisa.bvsalud.org/gim/resource/pt/wpr-976511
"The negative associations of PFAS with thyroid-related hormones were more pronounced in pregnant women with positive TG-Ab and/or TPOAb."
Yang Z, Liu R, Liu H, Wei J, Lin X, Zhang M, Chen Y, Zhang J, Sun M, Feng Z, Liu J, Liu X, Huo X, Men K, Yang Q, Chen X, Tang NJ - "Sex-specific effect of perfluoroalkyl substances exposure on liver and thyroid function biomarkers: A mixture approach" Int J Hyg Environ Health 251:114189 (2023). doi: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2023.114189
https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retriev ... 23)00080-9
Zhang L, Liang J, Gao A - "Contact to perfluoroalkyl substances and thyroid health effects: A meta-analysis directing on pregnancy" Chemosphere. 315:137748 (2023) doi: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.137748
https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retriev ... 23)00014-0
2022
Choy ES, Elliott KH, Esparza I, Patterson A, Letcher RJ, Fernie KJ - "Potential disruption of thyroid hormones by perfluoroalkyl acids in an Arctic seabird during reproduction" Environ Pollut 305:119181 (2022). doi: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.119181. Epub 2022 Apr 1. PMID: 35378199.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35378199/
"Females had higher PFAAs than males, possibly due to higher trophic feeding. While FT3 increased with PFOS, PFNA, PFDA, PFDoA, PFTeDA, ∑PFCA7, and ∑PFAA in murres, TT3 decreased with PFOS, PFDoA, and PFTeDA in males, but not females, suggesting thyroid disruption."
Derakhshan A, Kortenkamp A, Shu H, Broeren MAC, Lindh CH, Peeters RP, Bornehag CG, Demeneix B, Korevaar TIM - "Association of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances with thyroid homeostasis during pregnancy in the SELMA study" Environ Int 167:107420 (2022) doi: 10.1016/j.envint.2022.107420
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/a ... 2022003476
- Higher exposure to most PFAS was associated with a higher FT4.
- there was an inverted U-shaped association of PFOS with TT4
Higher PFDA, PFUnDA, PFHpA levels were associated with a lower TT3. Overall, higher PFAS concentrations were associated with a higher FT4/FT3 ratio and a higher TT4/TT3 ratio. There was no association of PFAS with the TSH/FT4 ratio. Higher concentrations of several PFAS were associated with lower TT4/FT4 and TT3/FT3 ratios.
De Toni L, Di Nisio A, Rocca MS, Pedrucci F, Garolla A, Dall'Acqua S, Guidolin D, Ferlin A, Foresta C - "Comparative Evaluation of the Effects of Legacy and New Generation Perfluoralkyl Substances (PFAS) on Thyroid Cells In Vitro" Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 13:915096 (2022) doi: 10.3389/fendo.2022.915096
https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10 ... 15096/full
"Our data suggest that legacy and new generation PFAS can differentially influence TSH dependent signaling pathways through the direct interaction with TSH-R."
Jensen RC, Glintborg D, Timmermann CAG, Nielsen F, Boye H, Madsen JB, Bilenberg N, Grandjean P, Jensen TK, Andersen MS - "Higher free thyroxine associated with PFAS exposure in first trimester" The Odense Child Cohort. Environ Res 212(Pt D):113492 (2022). doi: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.113492.
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/a ... 5122008192
Li QQ, Liu JJ, Su F, Zhang YT, Wu LY, Chu C, Zhou Y, Shen X, Xiong S, Geiger SD, Qian ZM, McMillin SE, Dong GH, Zeng XW - "Chlorinated Polyfluorinated Ether Sulfonates and Thyroid Hormone Levels in Adults: Isomers of C8 Health Project in China" Environ Sci Technol 56(10):6152-6161 (2022). doi: 10.1021/acs.est.1c03757
https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acs.est.1c03757
Messmer MF, Salloway J, Shara N, Locwin B, Harvey MW, Traviss N - "Risk of Cancer in a Community Exposed to Per- and Poly-Fluoroalkyl Substances" Environ Health Insights 16:11786302221076707 (2022). doi: 10.1177/11786302221076707
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8842173/
"Our work also suggests that Merrimack residents experienced a significantly higher risk of all-cause cancer, thyroid cancer, colon cancer, and prostate cancer compared with similarly exposed New England communities."
Yao Q, Vinturache A, Lei X, Wang Z, Pan C, Shi R, Yuan T, Gao Y, Tian Y - "Prenatal exposure to per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances, fetal thyroid hormones, and infant neurodevelopment" Environ Res 206:112561 (2022)
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34954147/
"PFBS and PFHxS were negatively associated with early neurodevelopment, especially consistent in gross motor domain. The associations were partly explained by TSH and FT4...FT4 explained 19.63% of the association of PFBS with adaptive DQ [development quotient]."
Zhang S, Guo X, Lu S, He J, Wu Q, Liu X, Han Z, Xie P - "Perfluorohexanoic acid caused disruption of the hypothalamus-pituitary-thyroid axis in zebrafish larvae" Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 232:113283 (2022) doi: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2022.113283
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/a ... 1322001233
2021
Ask AV, Jenssen BM, Tartu S, Angelier F, Chastel O, Gabrielsen GW - "Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances Are Positively Associated with Thyroid Hormones in an Arctic Seabird" Environ Toxicol Chem 40(3):820-831 (2021) doi: 10.1002/etc.4978
https://setac.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/d ... 2/etc.4978
Behnisch PA, Besselink H, Weber R, Willand W, Huang J, Brouwer A - "Developing potency factors for thyroid hormone disruption by PFASs using TTR-TRβ CALUX® bioassay and assessment of PFASs mixtures in technical products" Environ In (2021) DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2021.106791
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/a ... 2021004165
"All PFASs listed in the German guideline for drinking water (German Environment Agency, 2017) affected the T4 binding to TTR, an important plasma thyroid hormone transport protein."
Guo J, Zhang J, Wang Z, Zhang L, Qi X, Zhang Y, Chang X, Wu C, Zhou Z - "Umbilical cord serum perfluoroalkyl substance mixtures in relation to thyroid function of newborns: Findings from Sheyang Mini Birth Cohort Study" Chemosphere 273:129664 (2021) doi: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.129664
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/a ... 3521001338
Kim J, Lee G, Lee YM, Zoh KD, Choi K - "Thyroid disrupting effects of perfluoroundecanoic acid and perfluorotridecanoic acid in zebrafish (Danio rerio) and rat pituitary (GH3) cell line" Chemosphere 262:128012 (2021)
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/a ... 3520322074
"Following a 5 d exposure to PFTrDA, zebrafish larvae showed upregulation of the genes responsible for thyroid hormone synthesis (tshβ, nkx2.1, nis, tpo, mct8) and (de)activation (dio1, dio2). In contrast, both PFUnDA and PFOA induced no regulatory changes except for upregulation of a thyroid metabolism related gene (ugt1ab). Morphological changes such as decreased eyeball size, increased yolk sac size, or deflated swim bladder, occurred following exposure to PFUnDA, PFTrDA, and PFOA. In GH3 cells, exposure to PFUnDA and PFTrDA upregulated Tshβ gene, suggesting that these PFCAs increase thyroid hormone synthesis through stimulation by Tsh."
Sarzo B, Ballesteros V, Iñiguez C, Manzano-Salgado CB, Casas M, Llop S, Murcia M, Guxens M, Vrijheid M, Marina LS, Schettgen T, Espada M, Irizar A, Fernandez-Jimenez N, Ballester F, Lopez-Espinosa MJ - "Maternal Perfluoroalkyl Substances, Thyroid Hormones, and DIO Genes: A Spanish Cross-sectional Study" Environ Sci Technol 55(16):11144–111542017 (2021) doi: 10.1021/acs.est.1c01452
https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acs.est.1c01452
Zhang S, Chen K, Li W, Chai Y, Zhu J, Chu B, Li N, Yan J, Zhang S, Yang Y - "Varied thyroid disrupting effects of perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and its novel alternatives hexafluoropropylene-oxide-dimer-acid (GenX) and ammonium 4,8-dioxa-3H-perfluorononanoate (ADONA) in vitro" Environ Int 156:106745 (2021) doi: 10.1016/j.envint.2021.106745. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 34246126.
"Gene expression data revealed that all three PFASs altered gene expression in both thyroid cells and the altered gene expression seemed to be PFAS and cell type dependent. Taken together, our data reveal that the thyroid disrupting effects is increased in the order of GenX > PFOA > ADONA. "
2020
Aimuzi R, Luo K, Huang R, Huo X, Nian M, Ouyang F, Du Y, Feng L, Wang W, Zhang J; Shanghai Birth Cohort Study - "Perfluoroalkyl and polyfluroalkyl substances and maternal thyroid hormones in early pregnancy" Environ Pollut 264:114557 (2020). doi: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.114557
https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retriev ... 20)30181-0
"Several long-chain PFAS were associated with disrupted TH homeostasis in Chinese pregnant women, especially among TPOAb-positive women."
Buckalew AR, Wang J, Murr AS, Deisenroth C, Stewart WM, Stoker TE, Laws SC - "Evaluation of potential sodium-iodide symporter (NIS) inhibitors using a secondary Fischer rat thyroid follicular cell (FRTL-5) radioactive iodide uptake (RAIU) assay" Arch Toxicol 94(3):873-885 (2020) doi: 10.1007/s00204-020-02664-y
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7441586/
"Notably, two common perfluorinated compounds, perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS) and perfluorohexane sulfonate (PFHxS), demonstrated strong NIS inhibitory activity in FRTL-5 RAIU assay."
Cao XY, Liu J, Zhang YJ, Wang Y, Xiong JW, Wu J, Chen L - "Exposure of adult mice to perfluorobutanesulfonate impacts ovarian functions through hypothyroxinemia leading to down-regulation of Akt-mTOR signaling" Chemosphere 244:125497 (2020). doi: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.125497.
https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retriev ... 19)32737-7
"The results indicate that exposure to PFBS (≥200 mg/kg/day) through reducing thyroid hormones causes down-regulation of Akt-mTOR signaling in granular cells and cumulus cells, leading to the deficits in the development of follicles and the biosynthesis of ovarian hormones."
Conti A, Strazzeri C, Rhoden KJ - "Perfluorooctane sulfonic acid, a persistent organic pollutant, inhibits iodide accumulation by thyroid follicular cells in vitro" Mol Cell Endocrinol 515:110922 (2020) doi: 10.1016/j.mce.2020.110922
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/a ... 0720302227
"PFOS prevented NIS-mediated iodide uptake and reduced intracellular iodide concentration in iodide-containing cells, mimicking the effect of the NIS inhibitor perchlorate."
Kim HY, Kim KN, Shin CH, Lim YH, Kim JI, Kim BN, Hong YC, Lee YA - "The Relationship Between Perfluoroalkyl Substances Concentrations and Thyroid Function in Early Childhood: A Prospective Cohort Study" Thyroid 30(11):1556-1565 (2020). doi: 10.1089/thy.2019.0436.
https://www.liebertpub.com/doi/10.1089/thy.2019.0436
Kim S, Stroski KM, Killeen G, Smitherman C, Simcik MF, Brooks BW - "8:8 Perfluoroalkyl phosphinic acid affects neurobehavioral development, thyroid disruption, and DNA methylation in developing zebrafish" Sci Total Environ 736:139600 (2020)
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32474277/
"At 144 h, several genes related to thyroid hormones that are essential for neurodevelopment, including corticotropin releasing hormone b (crhb), iodothyronine deiodinase 3a (dio3a), thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor (tshr) and nkx2 homeobox1 (nkx 2.1), were up-regulated by 8:8 PFPiA at 5.79 μM. "
Lebeaux RM, Doherty BT, Gallagher LG, Zoeller RT, Hoofnagle AN, Calafat AM, Karagas MR, Yolton K, Chen A, Lanphear BP, Braun JM, Romano ME - " Maternal serum perfluoroalkyl substance mixtures and thyroid hormone concentrations in maternal and cord sera: The HOME Study" Environ Res 185:109395 (2020)
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7657649/
Liang H, Wang Z, Miao M, Tian Y, Zhou Y, Wen S, Chen Y, Sun X, Yuan W. - "Prenatal exposure to perfluoroalkyl substances and thyroid hormone concentrations in cord plasma in a Chinese birth cohort" Environ Health 19(1):127 (2020) doi: 10.1186/s12940-020-00679-7
https://ehjournal.biomedcentral.com/art ... 20-00679-7
Liu W, Yang J, Li J, Zhang J, Zhao J, Yu D, Xu Y, He X, Zhang X - "Toxicokinetics and persistent thyroid hormone disrupting effects of chronic developmental exposure to chlorinated polyfluorinated ether sulfonate in Chinese rare minnow" Environ Pollut 263(Pt B):114491 (2020) doi: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.114491
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/a ... 9119370666
"In the chronic toxicity test, fishes were exposed to Cl-PFESAs at geometric mean measured concentrations of 86.5 μg/L, 162 μg/L and 329 μg/L. In juvenile fishes exposed to Cl-PFESAs for 4 weeks, gene profile sequencing analysis identified 3313 differentially expressed genes, based on which pathways regulating thyroid hormone synthesis and steroid synthesis were enriched. Both whole body total and free 3,5,3′-triiodothyronine (T3) levels were significantly increased. mRNA expression of genes regulating thyroid hormone synthesis (corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH), thyroid-stimulating hormone (THS), sodium/iodide symporter (NIS), thyroglobulin (TG), and thyroid peroxidase (TPO), transport (transthyretin,TTR), deiodinase (Dio1, Dio2) and receptor (TRα and TRβ) were decreased. Uridinediphosphate glucoronosyl-transferases (UGT1A) gene, regulating THs metabolism, was also decreased."
Preston EV, Webster TF, Claus Henn B, McClean MD, Gennings C, Oken E, Rifas-Shiman SL, Pearce EN, Calafat AM, Fleisch AF, Sagiv SK - "Prenatal exposure to per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances and maternal and neonatal thyroid function in the Project Viva Cohort: A mixtures approach" Environ Int 139:105728 (2020). doi: 10.1016/j.envint.2020.105728
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7282386/
"In infants, higher concentrations of the PFAS mixture were associated with lower T4 levels, primarily in males...there may be combined effects of prenatal exposure to multiple PFAS on maternal and neonatal thyroid function, but the direction and magnitude of these effects may vary across individual PFAS."
Ramhøj L, Hass U, Gilbert ME, Wood C, Svingen T, Usai D, Vinggaard AM, Mandrup K, Axelstad M - "Evaluating thyroid hormone disruption: investigations of long-term neurodevelopmental effects in rats after perinatal exposure to perfluorohexane sulfonate (PFHxS)" Sci Rep 10:2672 (2020)
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-59354-z
"PFHxS lowered thyroid hormone levels in both dams and offspring in a dose-dependent manner, but did not change TSH levels, weight, histology, or expression of marker genes of the thyroid gland."
Silva AV, Ringblom J, Lindh C, Scott K, Jakobsson K, Öberg M - "A Probabilistic Approach to Evaluate the Risk of Decreased Total Triiodothyronine Hormone Levels following Chronic Exposure to PFOS and PFHxS via Contaminated Drinking Water" Environ Health Perspect 128(7):76001 (2020) doi: 10.1289/EHP6654 doi: 10.1289/EHP7874
https://ehp.niehs.nih.gov/doi/10.1289/EHP6654
Xie W, Zhong W, Appenzeller BMR, et al. - "Nexus between perfluoroalkyl compounds (PFCs) and human thyroid dysfunction: A systematic review evidenced from laboratory investigations and epidemiological studies" Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology (2020)
https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10 ... 20.1795052
2019
Aimuzi R, Luo K, Chen Q, Wang H, Feng L, Ouyang F, Zhang J - "Perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances and fetal thyroid hormone levels in umbilical cord blood among newborns by prelabor caesarean delivery" Environ Int 130:104929 (2019) doi: 10.1016/j.envint.2019.104929
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7021220/
"Moreover, we found a positive association between PFDoA and free thyroxine (FT4) levels (β = 0.190, 95% CI: 0.063, 0.304) after adjusting for potential confounders. Free tri-iodothyronine (FT3) levels were positively associated with concentrations of PFOS (β = 0.059, 95% CI: 0.023, 0.100), but negatively associated with PFDoA (β = -0.153, 95% CI: -0.212, -0.106). We also observed gender disparity in the associations of PFAS exposure and FT3, FT4, TSH levels. Conclusion: Our results suggest that prenatal exposure to certain PFAS may disrupt fetal thyroid function. The effect may be gender-specific."
Caron-Beaudoin É, Ayotte P, Laouan Sidi EA; Community of Lac Simon; Community of Winneway – Long Point First Nation; CSSS Tshukuminu Kanani of Nutashkuan; Community of Unamen Shipu; Gros-Louis McHugh N, Lemire M - "Exposure to perfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) and associations with thyroid parameters in First Nation children and youth from Quebec" Environ Int 128:13-23 (2019) doi: 10.1016/j.envint.2019.04.029
w.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0160412018330368
"Free T4 were positively associated with PFNA concentrations in adjusted models." NOTE: Total n = 186 | 31 had more-than-adequate iodine levels (16.8%) (200-300 ug/L); 12 had excessive iodine levels (5.9%) >300 ug/L|
Inoue K, Ritz B, Andersen SL, Ramlau-Hansen CH, Høyer BB, Bech BH, Henriksen TB, Bonefeld-Jørgensen EC, Olsen J, Liew Z - "Perfluoroalkyl Substances and Maternal Thyroid Hormones in Early Pregnancy; Findings in the Danish National Birth Cohort." Environ Health Perspect. 127(11):117002 (2019) doi: 10.1289/EHP5482
https://ehp.niehs.nih.gov/doi/10.1289/EHP5482
Itoh S, Araki A, Miyashita C, Yamazaki K, Goudarzi H, Minatoya M, Ait Bamai Y, Kobayashi S, Okada E, Kashino I, Yuasa M, Baba T, Kishi R - "Association between perfluoroalkyl substance exposure and thyroid hormone/thyroid antibody levels in maternal and cord blood: The Hokkaido Study" Environ Int 133(Pt A):105139 (2019) doi: 10.1016/j.envint.2019.105139
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/a ... 2019301199
"Among boys, some maternal PFASs were associated with higher TSH and lower FT3 levels in maternal TA-negative group [Thyroid Antibodies], while perfluorodecanoic acid was associated with lower TSH in maternal TA-positive group. Among girls, some PFAS of mothers showed associations with lower TSH and higher FT3 in maternal TA-negative group, while perfluorododecanoic acid was associated with lower FT4 in maternal TA-positive. Maternal PFASs showed associations with boy's TgAb inversely in maternal TA-negative group and with girl's TgAb positively in maternal TA-positive group. Conclusions: Our results suggest thyroid disrupting effects of PFAS exposure and susceptibility vary depending on maternal TA levels."
Panth P, Guerin G, DiMarco NM - "A Review of Iodine Status of Women of Reproductive Age in the USA" Biol Trace Elem Res 188(1):208-220 (2019) doi: 10.1007/s12011-018-1606-5
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6373336/
"When iodine levels are low, and TPO antibodies are present, PFAS may disrupt thyroid function and alter thyroid hormone levels."
Reardon AJF, Khodayari Moez E, Dinu I, Goruk S, Field CJ, Kinniburgh DW, MacDonald AM, Martin JW; APrON Study - "Longitudinal analysis reveals early-pregnancy associations between perfluoroalkyl sulfonates and thyroid hormone status in a Canadian prospective birth cohort" Environ Int 129:389-399 (2019) doi: 10.1016/j.envint.2019.04.023 APrON
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/a ... 2018332094
"In TPOAb-positive women, negative associations were found between PFUnA and FT4, and 1m-PFOS and TSH, supporting previous studies that thyroid disorder could increase susceptibility to PFAA-mediated hormone dysregulation...Higher perfluoroalkyl sulfonate [PFOS] exposures were associated with higher TSH and/or lower FT4, strongly suggestive that PFHxS and branched PFOS isomers are risk factors for subclinical maternal hypothyroidism."
2018
Blake BE, Pinney SM, Hines EP, Fenton SE, Ferguson KK - "Associations between longitudinal serum perfluoroalkyl substance (PFAS) levels and measures of thyroid hormone, kidney function, and body mass index in the Fernald Community Cohort" Environ Pollut 242(Pt A):894-904 (2018). doi: 10.1016/j.envpol.2018.07.042
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30373035/
"In adjusted repeated measures models, we observed several notable associations between serum PFAS and thyroid hormones as well as kidney function as measured by estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR). An interquartile (IQR) increase in serum PFOS was associated with a 9.75% (95% CI = 1.72, 18.4) increase in thyroid stimulating hormone. An IQR increase in serum PFNA, PFHxS, and PFDeA was associated with a -1.61% (95% CI = -3.53, -0.59), -2.06% (95% CI = -3.53, -0.59), and -2.20% (95% CI = -4.25, -0.14) change in eGFR, respectively. On the other hand, an IQR increase in serum Me-PFOSA was associated with a 1.53% (95% CI = 0.34, 2.73) increase in eGFR...Our findings are in agreement with previous reports that serum PFAS are associated with altered kidney and thyroid function."
Byrne SC, Miller P, Seguinot-Medina S, Waghiyi V, Buck CL, von Hippel FA, Carpenter DO - "Exposure to perfluoroalkyl substances and associations with serum thyroid hormones in a remote population of Alaska Natives" Environ Res 166:537-543 (2018)
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6932630/
"Serum PFASs are associated with circulating thyroid hormone concentrations in a remote population of Alaska Natives. The effects of PFAS exposure on thyroid hormone homeostasis may differ between sexes."
Chen L, Hu C, Tsui MMP, Wan T, Peterson DR, Shi Q, Lam PKS, Au DWT, Lam JCW, Zhou B - "Multigenerational Disruption of the Thyroid Endocrine System in Marine Medaka after a Life-Cycle Exposure to Perfluorobutanesulfonate" Environ Sci Technol 52(7):4432-4439 (2018) doi: 10.1021/acs.est.8b00700.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29565584/
"PFBS exposure decreased the levels of 3,5,3'-triiodothyronine (T3) in F0 female blood; however, it increased T3 or thyroxine (T4) levels in F0 brains, in which hyperthyroidism suppressed the local transcription of 5'-deiodinase 2 ( Dio2). Obviously decreased T3 was transferred to F1 eggs, although the parental influences were reversed in F1 larvae. Delayed hatching was coupled with elevated T3 levels in F1 larvae. F1 adults showed comparable symptoms of thyroidal disruption with F0 adults. A slight recovery was noted in the F2 generation, although F2 larvae still exhibited thyroid disruption and synthesized excessive T4. Our results suggested that the offspring suffered more severe dysfunction of the thyroidal axis albeit without direct exposure."
Korevaar TIM - "Exposure to Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances Is Associated with Lower Thyroid Hormone Availability during Pregnancy" Clin Thyroidol 30(4):190-192 (2018) doi: 10.1089/ct.2018;30.190-192
https://www.liebertpub.com/doi/abs/10.1 ... 30.190-192
"A higher exposure to PFASs, predominantly PFOA,is associated with lower thyroid function during pregnancy, and this association may be amplified in TPOAb-positive women."
Preston EV, Webster TF, Oken E, Claus Henn B, McClean MD, Rifas-Shiman SL, Pearce EN, Braverman LE, Calafat AM, Ye X, Sagiv SK - "Maternal Plasma per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substance Concentrations in Early Pregnancy and Maternal and Neonatal Thyroid Function in a Prospective Birth Cohort: Project Viva (USA)" Environ Health Perspect 126(2):027013 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP2534.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29488882/
"In this study, prenatal exposure to some PFASs during early pregnancy was inversely associated with maternal FT4I and neonatal T4 in male infants. These results support the hypothesis that prenatal exposure to PFASs influences thyroid function in both mothers and infants."
Ramhøj L, Hass U, Boberg J, Scholze M, Christiansen S, Nielsen F, Axelstad M - "Perfluorohexane sulfonate (PFHxS) and a mixture of endocrine disrupters reduce thyroxine levels and cause antiandrogenic effects in rats" Toxicol Sci 163(2):579-591 (2018)
https://doi.org/10.1093/toxsci/kfy055
"A marked effect on T4 levels was seen in both dams and offspring, with significant reductions from 5 mg/kg/day."
Song P, Li D, Wang X, Zhong X - "Effects of perfluorooctanoic acid exposure during pregnancy on the reproduction and development of male offspring mice" Andrologia 50(8):e13059 (2018) doi: 10.1111/and.13059
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/and.13059
"The expression of Dlk1-Dio3 imprinted gene cluster showed a decreasing trend, where Glt2, Rian and Dio3 gene expressions were significantly reduced (p < 0.05) on PND 21."
Zhang S, Guo X, Lu S, Sang N, Li G, Xie P, Liu C, Zhang L, Xing Y - "Exposure to PFDoA causes disruption of the hypothalamus-pituitary-thyroid axis in zebrafish larvae" Environ Pollut 235:974-982 (2018). doi: 10.1016/j.envpol.2018.01.015
https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retriev ... 17)32645-3
"Upregulation and downregulation of iodothyronine deiodinases (dio1) gene expression were observed upon the treatment of 1.2 mg/L and 6 mg/L PFDoA, respectively. All the data demonstrated that gene expression in the HPT axis altered after different PFDoA treatment and the potential mechanisms of the disruption of thyroid status could occur at several steps in the process of synthesis, regulation, and action of thyroid hormones."
2017
Berg V, Nøst TH, Pettersen RD, Hansen S, Veyhe AS, Jorde R, Odland JØ, Sandanger TM - "Persistent Organic Pollutants and the Association with Maternal and Infant Thyroid Homeostasis: A Multipollutant Assessment" Environ Health Perspect 125(1):127-133 (2017). doi: 10.1289/EHP152
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5226691/
Coperchini F, Awwad O, Rotondi M, Santini F, Imbriani M, Chiovato L - "Thyroid disruption by perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoate (PFOA)" J Endocrinol Invest 40(2):105-121 (2017) doi: 10.1007/s40618-016-0572-z.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27837466/
"Women and children appear to be more at risk of developing mild thyroid failure...Pregnant women with circulating thyroid antibodies might be might be at risk of developing subclinical hypothyroidism, mainly when exposed at high doses of PFOS."
Feng X, Cao X, Zhao S, Wang X, Hua X, Chen L, Chen L - "Exposure of Pregnant Mice to Perfluorobutanesulfonate Causes Hypothyroxinemia and Developmental Abnormalities in Female Offspring" Toxicol Sci 155(2):409-419 (2017). doi: 10.1093/toxsci/kfw219
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27803384/
"PFBS-dams exhibited significant decreases in total T4 and T3 levels and free T4 levels and increases in TSH levels...These results indicate that prenatal PFBS exposure (≥200 mg/kg/day) causes permanent hypothyroxinemia accompanied by deficits in perinatal growth, pubertal onset, and reproductive organ development in female mice."
Kar S, Sepúlveda MS, Roy K, Leszczynski J - "Endocrine-disrupting activity of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances: Exploring combined approaches of ligand and structure based modeling" Chemosphere 184:514-523 (2017) doi: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.06.024
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/a ... 3517309268
Lee JE, Choi K - "Perfluoroalkyl substances exposure and thyroid hormones in humans: epidemiological observations and implications" Ann Pediatr Endocrinol Metab 22(1):6-14 (2017)
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5401824/
"Moreover, among pregnant women and their infants, not only major PFASs such as perfluorooctane sulfonic acid and perfluorooctanoic acid, but also those with shorter or longer carbon chains showed significant associations with thyroid hormones."
Li Y, Cheng Y, Xie Z, Zeng F - "Perfluorinated alkyl substances in serum of the southern Chinese general population and potential impact on thyroid hormones" Sci Rep 7:43380 (2017). doi: 10.1038/srep43380
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5327476/
"In the hyperthyroidism group (n = 57), negative correlations were found between elevated FT3 and PFOS (p < 0.05), PFOA and PFHxS levels, whereas in the hypothyroidism group (n = 17), the opposite positive associations were observed between reduced FT3 and PFOS, PFOA and PFHxS levels. There are also opposite associations between TSH and PFOS, PFOA and PFHxS levels in hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism group."
Tsai MS, Lin CC, Chen MH, Hsieh WS, Chen PC - "Perfluoroalkyl substances and thyroid hormones in cord blood" Environ Pollut 222:543-548 (2017) doi: 10.1016/j.envpol.2016.11.027
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/a ... 9116321601
"We found that cord blood thyroid hormone levels are affected by PFASs, with a negative association between T4 and PFOS and a positive association between TSH and PFOS."
2016
Dong H, Curran I, Williams A, Bondy G, Yauk CL, Wade MG - "Hepatic miRNA profiles and thyroid hormone homeostasis in rats exposed to dietary potassium perfluorooctanesulfonate (PFOS)" Environ Toxicol Pharmacol 41:201-10 (2016). doi: 10.1016/j.etap.2015.12.009
https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retriev ... 15)30151-4
"qRT-PCR confirmed this result, revealing significant changes in Dio1 expression...The results suggest that the molecular initiating events involved in PFOS-induced hypothyroxinemia include TH deiodination, conjugation, and clearance."
Du J, Wang S, You H, Liu Z - "Effects of ZnO nanoparticles on perfluorooctane sulfonate induced thyroid-disrupting on zebrafish larvae" J Environ Sci (China) 47:153-164 (2016)
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27593282/
"Co-exposure also increased the triiodothyronine (T3) levels, whereas the thyroxine (T4) content remained unchanged. Compared with the exposure to PFOS alone, exposure to both PFOS (0.8mg/L) and nano-ZnO (50mg/L) significantly up-regulated the expression of corticotropin-releasing factor, sodium/iodidesymporter, iodothyronine deiodinases and thyroid receptors and significantly down-regulated the expression of thyroid-stimulating hormone, thyroglobulin (TG), transthyretin (TTR) and thyroid receptors."
Kim DH, Kim UJ, Kim HY, Choi SD, Oh JE - "Perfluoroalkyl substances in serum from South Korean infants with congenital hypothyroidism and healthy infants--Its relationship with thyroid hormones" Environ Res 147:399-404 (2016). doi: 10.1016/j.envres.2016.02.037
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/a ... 5116300780
Shah-Kulkarni S, Kim BM, Hong YC, Kim HS, Kwon EJ, Park H, Kim YJ, Ha EH - "Prenatal exposure to perfluorinated compounds affects thyroid hormone levels in newborn girls" Environ Int 94:607-613 (2016). doi: 10.1016/j.envint.2016.06.024
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/a ... 2016302422
"Gender-specific analysis showed that prenatal PFCs: PFPeA and Perfluorohexane sulfonic acid (PFHxS) exposure significantly increased T4 (p<0.01) and T3 (p=0.03), respectively, while perfluorononanoic acid (PFNA) decreased TSH (p=0.04) concentration in newborn girls. Thus, prenatal PFC exposure may disrupt thyroid hormone homeostasis. Thyroid hormones play a crucial role in fetal development and may have gender specific action. Hence, these results are of utmost importance in high-risk groups, such as pregnant women and children."
Webster GM, Rauch SA, Marie NS, Mattman A, Lanphear BP, Venners SA - "Cross-Sectional Associations of Serum Perfluoroalkyl Acids and Thyroid Hormones in U.S. Adults: Variation According to TPOAb and Iodine Status (NHANES 2007-2008)" Environ Health Perspect 124(7):935-42 (2016) doi: 10.1289/ehp.1409589
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4937851/
Yang L, Li J, Lai J, Luan H, Cai Z, Wang Y, Zhao Y, Wu Y - "Placental Transfer of Perfluoroalkyl Substances and Associations with Thyroid Hormones: Beijing Prenatal Exposure Study" Sci Rep 6:21699 (2016)
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/labs/pmc/a ... MC4762009/
2014
Webster GM, Venners SA, Mattman A, Martin JW - "Associations between perfluoroalkyl acids (PFASs) and maternal thyroid hormones in early pregnancy: a population-based cohort study" Environ Res 133:338-47 (2014) doi: 10.1016/j.envres.2014.06.012
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/a ... 5114002084 CHirP -> Vancouver, Canada
"PFASs were positively associated with TSH, and weakly negatively associated with fT4 in the subset of pregnant women with high TPOAb, which occurs in 6-10% of pregnancies. PFASs may exacerbate the already high TSH and low fT4 levels in these women during early pregnancy, which is a critical time of thyroid hormone-mediated fetal brain development."
2013
Jain RB - "Association between thyroid profile and perfluoroalkyl acids: data from NHNAES 2007-2008" Environ Res 126:51-9 (2013)
https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retriev ... 13)00148-5
"TSH levels increased with increase in levels of PFOA (p<0.01)...Males had statistically significantly higher levels of FT3 than females and females had statistically significantly higher levels of TT4 than males. As compared to non-Hispanics whites and Hispanics, non-Hispanic blacks had lower levels of TSH, FT3, TT3, and TT4 but Hispanics had the lowest levels of TGN...those whowere iodine deficient did have statistically significant higher TT3 levels than those who were iodine replete."
2012
Cassone CG, Vongphachan V, Chiu S, Williams KL, Letcher RJ, Pelletier E, Crump D, Kennedy SW - "In ovo effects of perfluorohexane sulfonate and perfluorohexanoate on pipping success, development, mRNA expression, and thyroid hormone levels in chicken embryos" Toxicol Sci 127(1):216-24 (2012) doi: 10.1093/toxsci/kfs072
https://academic.oup.com/toxsci/article ... 16/1637202
"Type II and type III 5'-deiodinases (D2 and D3) and cytochrome P450 3A37 mRNA levels were induced in liver tissue of chicken embryos exposed to PFHxS, whereas D2, neurogranin (RC3), and octamer motif binding factor 1 mRNA levels were upregulated in cerebral cortex."
Song M, Kim YJ, Park YK, Ryu JC - "Changes in thyroid peroxidase activity in response to various chemicals" J Environ Monit 14(8):2121-6 (2012). doi: 10.1039/c2em30106g
https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/article ... c2em30106g
PFOS and PFOA decreased TPO activity
2011
Cheng Y, Cui Y, Chen HM, Xie WP - "Thyroid disruption effects of environmental level perfluorooctane sulfonates (PFOS) in Xenopus laevis" Ecotoxicology 20(8):2069-78 (2011)
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21809121/
"In addition, PFOS exposure resulted in up-regulation of thyroid hormone-regulated genes-thyroid receptor beta A (TRβA), basic transcription element-binding protein (BTEB) and type II deiodinase (DI2) mRNA expression, presented as an inverted U-shaped dose response pattern."
Vongphachan V, Cassone CG, Wu D, Chiu S, Crump D, Kennedy SW - "Effects of perfluoroalkyl compounds on mRNA expression levels of thyroid hormone-responsive genes in primary cultures of avian neuronal cells" Toxicol Sci 120(2):392-402 (2011). doi: 10.1093/toxsci/kfq395
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3061477/
"Short-chained PFCs (less than eight carbons) altered the expression of TH-responsive genes (D2, D3, TTR, and RC3) in chicken embryonic neuronal cells to a greater extent than long-chained PFCs (more than or equal to eight carbons). Variable transcriptional changes were observed in herring gull embryonic neuronal cells exposed to short-chained PFCs; mRNA levels of Oct-1 and RC3 were upregulated."
2009
Yu WG, Liu W, Jin YH - "Effects of perfluorooctane sulfonate on rat thyroid hormone biosynthesis and metabolism" Environ Toxicol Chem 28(5):990-6. (2009) doi: 10.1897/08-345.1.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19045937/
"Serum total T4 level decreased significantly at all applied dosages, whereas total T3 level increased markedly only at 1.7 mg/L of PFOS. No statistically significant toxic effects of PFOS on serum TSH were observed. Hepatic UGTIA1, but not UGT1A6, mRNA was up-regulated at 5.0 and 15.0 mg/L of PFOS. Treatment with PFOS lowered hepatic DIO1 mRNA at 15.0 mg/L but increased thyroidal DIO1 mRNA dose dependently. The activity of TPO, NIS, and TSHR mRNA in thyroid were unaffected by PFOS treatment. These results indicate that increased hepatic T4 glucuronidation via UGT1A1 and increased thyroidal conversion of T4 to T3 via DIO1 were responsible in part for PFOS-induced hypothyroxinemia in rats."
Shi X, Liu C, Wu G, Zhou B - "Waterborne exposure to PFOS causes disruption of the hypothalamus-pituitary-thyroid axis in zebrafish larvae" Chemosphere 77(7):1010-8 (2009)
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19703701/
"The whole body thyroxine (T(4)) content remained unchanged, whereas triiodothyronine (T(3)) levels were significantly increased, which could directly reflect disrupted thyroid hormone status after PFOS exposure. The overall results indicated that PFOS exposure could alter gene expression in the HPT axis and that mechanisms of disruption of thyroid status by PFOS could occur at several steps in the synthesis, regulation, and action of thyroid hormones."
Yu WG, Liu W, Jin YH, Liu XH, Wang FQ, Liu L, Nakayama SF - "Prenatal and postnatal impact of perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) on rat development: a cross-foster study on chemical burden and thyroid hormone system" Environ Sci Technol 43(21):8416-22 (2009). doi: 10.1021/es901602d.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19924978/
https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/es901602d
"The results showed that prenatal PFOS exposure and postnatal PFOS exposure induced hypothyroxinemia in rat pups to a similar extent, which suggested that in utero PFOS exposure and postnatal PFOS accumulation, especially though maternal milk, are matters of great concern."
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PFAS & Thyroid - An Annotated Bibliography: 2010 - 2026
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