Watts MJ, Middleton DRS, Marriott A, Humphrey OS, Hamilton E, McCormack V, Menya D, Farebrother J, Osano O - "Iodine status in western Kenya: a community-based cross-sectional survey of urinary and drinking water iodine concentrations" Environ Geochem Health 42(4):1141-1151 (2020) doi: 10.1007/s10653-019-00352-0
https://link.springer.com/article/10.10 ... 19-00352-0
"The median UIC was 271 µg L−1, ranging from 9 to 3146 µg L−1, unadjusted for hydration status/dilution. From these data, 12% were potentially iodine deficient (< 100 µg L−1), whilst 44% were considered to have an excess iodine intake (> 300 µg L−1)."
Dental Fluorosis in Kenya
Manji F, Baelum V, Fejerskov O - "Dental fluorosis in an area of Kenya with 2 ppm fluoride in the drinking water" J Dent Res 65(5):659-62 (1986) doi: 10.1177/00220345860650050501
https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.117 ... 0650050501
Manji F, Baelum V, Fejerskov O - "Fluoride, altitude and dental fluorosis" Caries Res 20(5):473-80 (1986) doi: 10.1159/000260977Abstract
We examined 102 children born and reared in an area of rural Kenya with 2 ppm fluoride in the drinking water for dental fluorosis, using the index developed by Thylstrup and Fejerskov (1978). The prevalence of dental fluorosis was 100%, 92% of all teeth exhibited a TFI score of 4 or higher, and 50% of the children had pitting or more severe enamel damage in at least half the teeth present. The fluorotic changes showed a high degree of bilateral symmetry. The intra-oral distribution of the changes corresponded to the pattern of fluoride-induced enamel changes reported by other investigators in high-fluoride areas. The high prevalence and severity of dental fluorosis in a 2-ppm-fluoride area is in accordance with recent observations on dental fluorosis being very prevalent in Kenya, even in low-fluoride areas (less than 1 ppm F). We are presently investigating the possible variables which may explain this unexpected susceptibility of large populations in Eastern Africa to fluorosis from exposure to low levels of fluoride.
https://karger.com/cre/article-abstract ... -Fluorosis
Abstract
Children aged 11–15 years from three low-fluoride zones (<0.5 ppm in drinking water) situated at sea level, 1,500 m, and 2,400 m above sea level, and from two higher-fluoride zones (0.5–1.0 ppm in drinking water) were examined for dental fluorosis.
In the low-fluoride zones, 36.4% of the children at sea level had dental fluorosis, compared to 78.0% at 1,500 m and 100.0% at 2,400 m. In the higher-fluoride zones, 71.2% had dental fluorosis at sea level, compared to 93.8% at 1,500 m (p < 0.001). The intra-oral pattern of dental fluorosis was similar in each of these five populations, and the severity of dental fluorosis for each tooth type increased significantly with altitude in both the low- and higher-fluoride zones (p < 0.001).
Moreover, the severity of dental fluorosis was associated with increases in fluoride concentrations at constant altitudes (at sea level and at 1,500 m). This study establishes, for the first time, that populations living at high altitudes may be more susceptible to dental fluorosis than those at low altitudes for a given concentration of fluoride in drinking water.
The findings indicate that certain physiological changes may occur in humans living at high altitude, whereby the effects of fluoride on mineralizing tissues become exacerbated.