Frogs, Tadpoles & Fluorides
Posted: Sat May 30, 2026 8:25 am
Related Literature - Updated May 17, 2026
Both inorganic and organic fluoride compounds have been used in investigations in the following species:
Xenopus
African Clawed Frog
Bufo Gargarizans
Chinese Toad
Rana Chensinensis
Chinese Brown Frog / Asiatic Grass Frog
Rana Nigromaculata
Black Spotted Frog
Rana Temporaria
Common Frog
Rana Vulgaris, Bufo Rana
Common Toad
Rana Ridibunda
Marsh or Lake Frog
Rana Catesbeiana
North American Bullfrog
Rana Clamitans
Green Frog
Rana Pipiens
Leopard Frog
Rhinella Arenarum
Common South American Toad
Boana Cordobae / Hypsiboas Cordobae
Córdoba Tree Frog
Euphlyctis Cyanophlyctis
Skittering Frog
Polypedates Maculatus
Indian Tree Frog
Bufo Japonicus
Japanese Toad
Bufo Marinus / Rhinella Marina
Cane Toad
Bufo Melanostictus / Duttaphrynus Melanostictus
Black Spined Toad / Asian Common Toad
Bufo Terrestris / Anaxyrus Terrestris
Southern Toad
Hyla Versicolor / Dryophytes Versicolor
Grey Tree Frog
Xenopus
African Clawed Frog
Bergink EW, Wittliff JL - "Molecular weights of estrogen and androgen binding proteins in the liver of Xenopus laevis" Biochemistry 14(14):3115-3121 (1975) (PMSF, DPF)
Drury K - "Method for the preparation of active maturation promoting factor (MPF) from in vitro matured oocytes of Xenopus laevis" Differentiation 10(3):181-186 (1978) (sodium fluoride)
Erikson E, Maller JL - "Purification and characterization of a protein kinase from Xenopus eggs highly specific for ribosomal protein S6" J Biol Chem 261(1):350-355 (1986) (sodium fluoride)
Erikson E, Maller JL - "Biochemical characterization of the p34cdc2 protein kinase component of purified maturation-promoting factor from Xenopus eggs" J Biol Chem 264(33):19577-19582 (1989) (sodium fluoride)
Fan TJ, Katagiri C - "Properties of the hatching enzyme from Xenopus laevis" Eur J Biochem 268(18):4892-4898 (2001)
Felix MA, Cohen P, Karsenti E - "Cdc2 H1 kinase is negatively regulated by a type 2A phosphatase in the Xenopus early embryonic cell cycle: evidence from the effects of okadaic acid" EMBO J 9(3):675-683 (1990) (sodium fluoride)
Finidori J, Hanoune J, Baulieu EE - "Adenylate cyclase in Xenopus laevis oocytes: characterization of the progesterone-sensitive, membrane-bound form" Mol Cell Endocrinol 28(2):211-227 (1982) (sodium fluoride)
Fraser SP, Barrett P, Djamgoz MB, Morgan PJ - "Melatonin receptor mRNA expression in Xenopus oocytes: inhibition of G-protein-activated response" Neurosci Lett 124(2):242-245 (1991) (AlF4-)
Fujii K, Kasahara J, Nakamura K, Sugiyama H - "Differential selectivity of M1 and M3 type muscarinic acetylcholine receptors in coupling with a G protein G01 alpha examined in Xenopus oocytes" Neurosci Lett 215(2):131-133 (1996) (AlF4-)
Goh EH, Neff AW - "Effects of fluoride on Xenopus embryo development" Food Chem Toxicol 41(11):1501-1508 (2003) (sodium fluoride)
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0278-6915(03)00165-3
Kuang J, Penkala JE, Wright DA, Saunders GF, Rao PN - "A novel M phase-specific H1 kinase recognized by the mitosis-specific monoclonal antibody MPM-2" Dev Biol 144(1):54-64 (1991) (sodium fluoride)
Liu Q, Qian L, Guo S, Shi H - "Effects of Perfluorooctanesulfonate on the Growth, Metamorphosis, Thyroid and Gonadal Histology of Xenopus laevis" Asian Journal of Ecotoxicology 3(5):464-472 (2008) PFPC Library (PFOS)
"The present study found that, at low concentration, PFOS...showed an inverted U-shaped dose-response characteristic commonly seen with endocrine-disrupting substances. These results showed that PFOS could stimulate the metamorphosis of tadpoles at low dose, induce the damage of thyroid histology, and lead to the feminization of testis histology and the abnormal elevation of sex ratio (female/male)."
Matsumoto M, Barnard EA - "Effects of an activator and an inhibitor of protein kinase C on serotonin receptors induced by rat brain mRNA in Xenopus oocytes" Neurosci Lett 167(1-2):183-186 (1994) (AlF4-)
Moon C, Fraser SP, Djamgoz MB - "G-protein activation, intracellular Ca2+ mobilization and phosphorylation studies of membrane currents induced by AlF4- in Xenopus oocytes" Cell Signal 9(7):497-504 (1997) (AlF4-)
Mukhopadhyay A, Barbieri AM, Funato K, Roberts R, Stahl PD - "Sequential actions of Rab5 and Rab7 regulate endocytosis in the Xenopus oocyte" J Cell Biol 136(6):1227-1237 (1997) (AlF4-)
Nagase Y, Kaibara M, Uezono Y, Izumi F, Sumikawa K, Taniyama K - "Propofol inhibits muscarinic acetylcholine receptor-mediated signal transduction in Xenopus oocytes expressing the rat M1 receptor" Jpn J Pharmacol 79(3):319-325 (1999) (AlF4-)
Nair M, Belak ZR, Ovsenek N - "Effects of fluoride on expression of bone-specific genes in developing Xenopus laevis larvae" Biochem Cell Biol 89(4):377-386 (2011) (sodium fluoride)
https://doi.org/10.1139/o11-034
Nakamura K, Nukada T, Haga T, Sugiyama H - "G protein-mediated inhibition of phosphoinositide metabolism evoked by metabotropic glutamate receptors in frog oocytes" J Physiol 474(1):35-41 (1994) (AlF4-)
Olate J, Jordana X, Allende CC, Allende J - "Inhibition by phenothiazine derivatives of the adenylate cyclase of amphibian oocytes" Biochem Pharmacol 32(21):3227-3232 (1983) (fluoride, fluphenazine, penfluridol)
Petersen CC, Berridge MJ - "G-protein regulation of capacitative calcium entry may be mediated by protein kinases A and C in Xenopus oocytes" Biochem J 307(Pt 3):663-668 (1995) (AlF4-)
Richardson C, Potter RL - "Changes in nucleotide-binding proteins during oocyte maturation in Xenopus laevis" Dev Biol 99(1):240-247 (1983) (sodium fluoride)
Rogers E, Black M - "Effects of fluoxetine on development and metamorphosis in Xenopus laevis" Fourth SETAC World Congress, Portland, Oregon, USA (2004) (fluoxetine; ammonium perchlorate positive control)
Ronoh IC - "Developmental impacts of fluoride and its toxicity on thyroid endocrine disruption in Xenopus laevis" University of Eldoret Repository (2022) (fluoride; thyroxine, triiodothyronine, methimazole)
Ronoh IC - "Chronic Fluoride Toxicity Effects on Thyroid Iodine Metabolism in Xenopus laevis Tadpoles" Journal of Aquatic and Terrestrial Ecosystems 1(1):66-72 (2023) (fluoride; thyroxine, triiodothyronine, methimazole)
https://blueprintacademicpublishers.com ... le/view/26
Shibuya EK, Masui Y - "Stabilization and enhancement of primary cytostatic factor (CSF) by ATP and NaF in amphibian egg cytosols" Dev Biol 129(1):253-264 (1988) (sodium fluoride)
Shirai Y, Hosie AM, Buckingham SD, Holyoke CW Jr, Baylis HA, Sattelle DB - "Actions of picrotoxinin analogues on an expressed, homo-oligomeric GABA receptor of Drosophila melanogaster" Neurosci Lett 189(1):1-4 (1995) (fluorine substitution)
Shiraishi M, Minami K, Uezono Y, Yanagihara N, Shigematsu A - "Inhibition by tramadol of muscarinic receptor-induced responses in cultured adrenal medullary cells and in Xenopus laevis oocytes expressing cloned M1 receptors" J Pharmacol Exp Ther 299(1):255-260 (2001) (AlF4-)
Sun QQ, Dale N - "G-proteins are involved in 5-HT receptor-mediated modulation of N- and P/Q- but not T-type Ca2+ channels" J Neurosci 19(3):890-899 (1999) (AlF4-)
Torrejon M, Echeverria V, Retamales G, Herrera L, Hinrichs MV, Olate J - "Molecular cloning and expression of an adenylyl cyclase from Xenopus laevis oocytes" FEBS Lett 404(1):91-94 (1997) (AlF4-)
Ueno S, Trudell JR, Eger EI 2nd, Harris RA - "Actions of fluorinated alkanols on GABA(A) receptors: relevance to theories of narcosis" Anesth Analg 88(4):877-883 (1999) (fluorinated alkanols)
Yost A, Lisner A, Cox K, Jeffries M - "The Effects of Fluoride on Thyroid Hormone Signaling and Metamorphosis in Xenopus laevis Tadpoles" Texas Christian University Student Research Symposium Poster (2014) (sodium fluoride; thyroxine co-exposure)
Zhang SC, Masui Y - "Activation of Xenopus laevis eggs in the absence of intracellular Ca activity by the protein phosphorylation inhibitor, 6-dimethylaminopurine (6-DMAP)" J Exp Zool 262(3):317-329 (1992) (NaF)
Bufo Gargarizans
Chinese Toad
Bo X, Mu D, Wu M, Xiao H, Wang H - "The morphological changes and molecular biomarker responses in the liver of fluoride-exposed Bufo gargarizans larvae" Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 151:199-205 (2018) (sodium fluoride)
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2018.01.027
Bo X - "Effects of fluoride on the development of tadpoles of Bufo gargarizans" Master's Thesis, Shaanxi Normal University, Developmental Biology (2019) (sodium fluoride)
Chai L, Wang H, Zhao H, Dong S - "Chronic effects of fluoride exposure on growth, metamorphosis, and skeleton development in Bufo gargarizans larvae" Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 98(4):496-501 (2017) (sodium fluoride)
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00128-017-2036-3
Wang X, Bo X, Yao Q, Wu M, Wang H - "The effect of fluorine exposure on morphological indicators and intestinal microbial community in Bufo gargarizans tadpoles" Ecol Indic 98:763-771 (2019) (sodium fluoride)
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2018.11.070
Wang X, Zheng R, Yao Q, Liang Z, Wu M, Wang H - "Effects of fluoride on the histology, lipid metabolism, and bile acid secretion in liver of Bufo gargarizans larvae" Environ Pollut 254(Pt B):113052 (2019) (sodium fluoride)
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2019.113052
Wu C, Zhang Y, Chai L, Wang H - "Transcriptomics provides mechanistic indicators of fluoride toxicology on endochondral ossification in the hind limb of Bufo gargarizans" Aquat Toxicol 201:138-150 (2018) (sodium fluoride)
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquatox.2018.06.006
Zhang Y, Xie L, Li X, Chai L, Chen M, Kong X, Wang Q, Liu J, Zhi L, Yang C, Wang H - "Effects of fluoride on morphology, growth, development, and thyroid hormone of Chinese toad (Bufo gargarizans) embryos" Environ Mol Mutagen 59(2):123-133 (2018) (sodium fluoride)
https://doi.org/10.1002/em.22147
Zhao H, Chai L, Wang H - "Effects of fluoride on metamorphosis, thyroid and skeletal development in Bufo gargarizans tadpoles" Ecotoxicology 22(7):1123-1132 (2013) (sodium fluoride)
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10646-013-1099-0
Rana Chensinensis
Chinese Brown Frog / Asiatic Grass Frog
Chai L, Dong S, Zhao H, Deng H, Wang H - "Effects of fluoride on development and growth of Rana chensinensis embryos and larvae" Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 126:129-137 (2016) (sodium fluoride)
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2015.12.015
Chen J, Chai L, Zhao H, Wu M, Wang H - "Effects of fluoride exposure on the growth, metamorphosis, and skeletal development of Rana chensinesis and Rana nigromaculata larvae" Fluoride 49(2):128-142 (2016) (sodium fluoride)
Rana Nigromaculata
Black Spotted Frog
Chen J, Chai L, Zhao H, Wu M, Wang H - "Effects of fluoride exposure on the growth, metamorphosis, and skeletal development of Rana chensinesis and Rana nigromaculata larvae" Fluoride 49(2):128-142 (2016) (sodium fluoride)
Kawakami I - "Teratogenic effects of chemicals on early amphibian development with special reference to the lithium effects" Acta Pathol Jpn 5(Suppl):475-484 (1955) (sodium fluoride)
Rana Temporaria
Common Frog
Becker E - "Ableitung von Qualitätszielen zum Schutz oberirdischer Binnengewässer für Organozinnverbindungen: Dibutylzinnverbindungen, Tetrabutylzinn, Tributylzinnverbindungen, Triphenylzinnverbindungen" Umweltbundesamt, Entwurf für den BLAK QZ, Stand 26.3. (1992) (tributyltin fluoride)
Fink R, Hase S, Lüttgau HC, Wettwer E - "The effect of cellular energy reserves and internal calcium ions on the potassium conductance in skeletal muscle of the frog" J Physiol 336:211-228 (1983) (dinitrofluorobenzene)
Kenny GN, Spurway NC, Stenhouse G - "The anion permeability of frog skeletal muscle in fluoride solutions" J Physiol 211(2):3P-4P (1970) (fluoride solutions)
Kuusisto AN, Telkkä A - "The effect of sodium fluoride on the metamorphosis of tadpoles" Acta Odontol Scand 19(1):121-127 (1961) (sodium fluoride)
https://doi.org/10.3109/00016356108993946
Laughlin R, Linden O - "Sublethal responses of the tadpoles of the European frog Rana temporaria to two tributyltin compounds" Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 28(4):494-499 (1982) (tributyltin fluoride)
Mironava AP - "Effect of low doses of sodium fluoride on the resistance of the frog sartorius muscle to the action of sodium fluoride" Tsitologiya 19(7):746-750 (1977) (sodium fluoride)
Rana Vulgaris, Bufo Rana
Common Toad
Kawakami I - "Teratogenic effects of chemicals on early amphibian development with special reference to the lithium effects" Acta Pathol Jpn 5(Suppl):475-484 (1955) (sodium fluoride)
Kraft K - "Beiträge zur Biochemie des Fluors I. Über den Antagonismus zwischen Fluor und Thyroxin" Hoppe-Seylers Z Physiol Chem 245:58-65 (1936) (sodium fluoride, fluorobenzoic acid, fluorotyrosine)
Rana Ridibunda
Marsh or Lake Frog
Theophilidis G, Benaki M, Papadopoulou-Mourkidou E - "Neurotoxic action of six pyrethroid insecticides on the isolated sciatic nerve of a frog (Rana ridibunda)" Comp Biochem Physiol C Pharmacol Toxicol Endocrinol 118(1):97-103 (1997) (flucythrinate, fluvalinate)
Rana Catesbeiana
North American Bullfrog
Abe Y, Aomine M, Goto M - "Dual effects of fluoride on the action potential, contraction, and membrane currents in frog atrial muscle" Recent Adv Stud Cardiac Struct Metab 11:73-78 (1976) (fluoride)
Chandler JH, Marking LL - "Toxicity of the lampricide 3-trifluoromethyl-4-nitrophenol (TFM) to selected aquatic invertebrates and frog larvae" Invest Fish Control 62:1-7 (1975) (3-trifluoromethyl-4-nitrophenol)
Hattori T, Maehashi H - "Enhancement of the twitch of bull frog sartorius muscle by fluorides" Jpn J Pharmacol 40(1):191-193 (1986) (sodium fluoride, stannous fluoride, potassium fluoride, sodium silicofluoride, diamine silver fluoride)
Hattori T, Maehashi H - "Facilitation of frog neuromuscular transmission by sodium fluoride" Br J Pharmacol 92(3):513-519 (1987) (sodium fluoride)
Nishiuchi Y, Yoshida K - "Toxicity of agricultural chemicals to tadpoles. Part 2" Noyaku Seisan Gijutsu 29:23-28 (1972) (phenylmercury fluoride)
Rana Clamitans
Green Frog
Kane AS, Johnson DL - "Use of TFM (3-Trifluoromethyl-4-Nitrophenol) to selectively control frog larvae in fish production ponds" Prog Fish-Cult 51:207-213 (1989) (3-trifluoromethyl-4-nitrophenol)
Rana Pipiens
Leopard Frog
Ankley GT, Kuehl DW, Kahl MD, Jensen KM, Butterworth BC, Nichols JW - "Partial life-cycle toxicity and bioconcentration modeling of perfluorooctane sulfonate in the northern leopard frog (Rana pipiens)" Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 23:2745-2755 (2004)
https://academic.oup.com/etc/article-ab ... 45/7775188
Cameron JA - "Effect of Fluorine on Hatching Time and Hatching Stage in Rana pipiens" Ecology 21(2):288-292 (1940) (fluorine / fluoride exposure)
https://doi.org/10.2307/1930505
Chandler JH, Marking LL - "Toxicity of the lampricide 3-trifluoromethyl-4-nitrophenol (TFM) to selected aquatic invertebrates and frog larvae" Invest Fish Control 62:1-7 (1975) (3-trifluoromethyl-4-nitrophenol)
Kane AS, Johnson DL - "Use of TFM (3-Trifluoromethyl-4-Nitrophenol) to selectively control frog larvae in fish production ponds" Prog Fish-Cult 51:207-213 (1989) (3-trifluoromethyl-4-nitrophenol)
Kaplan HM, Yee N, Glaczenski SS - "Toxicity of Fluoride for Frogs" Lab Anim Care 14:185-198 (1964) (sodium fluoride)
Rick R - "Metabolic control of intracellular ion concentrations in the frog skin epithelium" Miner Electrolyte Metab 15(3):150-154 (1989) (monofluoroacetate)
Rhinella Arenarum
Common South American Toad
Otero MA, Pollo FE, Grenat PR, Salas NE, Martino AL - "Differential effects on life history traits and body size of two anuran species inhabiting an environment related to fluorite mine" Ecol Indic 93:36-44 (2018) (fluoride-rich fluorite mine environment)
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2018.04.065
Otero MA, Grenat PR, Pollo FE, Baraquet M, Martino AL - "Effect on growth and development of common toad (Rhinella arenarum) tadpoles in environment related to fluorite mine" Sci Total Environ 904:166936 (2023) (fluoride-rich fluorite mine water / sediment environment)
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.166936
Pollo FE, Bionda CL, Otero MA, Grenat PR, Babini MS, Flores P, Grisolia M, Salas NE, Martino AL - "Morphological abnormalities in natural populations of the common South American toad Rhinella arenarum inhabiting fluoride-rich environments" Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 177:32-38 (2019) (fluoride-rich environment)
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2019.03.098
Pollo FE, Grenat PR, Salinas ZA, Otero MA, Salas NE, Martino AL - "Evaluation in situ of genotoxicity and stress in South American common toad Rhinella arenarum in environments related to fluorite mine" Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 24(22):18179-18187 (2017) (fluoride-rich fluorite mine environment)
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-017-9479-2
Boana Cordobae / Hypsiboas Cordobae
Córdoba Tree Frog
Otero MA, Pollo FE, Grenat PR, Salas NE, Martino AL - "Differential effects on life history traits and body size of two anuran species inhabiting an environment related to fluorite mine" Ecol Indic 93:36-44 (2018) (fluoride-rich fluorite mine environment)
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2018.04.065
Pollo FE, Cibils-Martina L, Otero MA, Baraquet M, Grenat PR, Salas NE, Martino AL - "Anuran tadpoles inhabiting a fluoride-rich stream: diets and morphological indicators" Heliyon 5(6):e02003 (2019) (fluoride-rich stream)
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2019.e02003
Euphlyctis Cyanophlyctis
Skittering Frog
Pal S, Samanta P, Kole D, Mukherjee AK, Ghosh AR - "Acute Toxicity and Oxidative Stress Responses in Tadpole of Skittering Frog, Euphlyctis cyanophlyctis (Schneider, 1799) to Sodium Fluoride Exposure" Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 100(2):202-207 (2018) (sodium fluoride)
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00128-017-2264-6
Polypedates Maculatus
Indian Tree Frog
Mohapatra PP, Pattnaik S, Mahapatra PK - "Fluoride-induced developmental toxicity in the tadpoles of the Indian tree frog Polypedates maculatus" Ecology Environment and Conservation 32(April Suppl. Issue):S408-S415 (2026) (sodium fluoride)
https://doi.org/10.53550/EEC.2026.v32.i02s.056
Bufo Japonicus
Japanese Toad
Nishiuchi Y, Yoshida K - "Toxicity of agricultural chemicals to tadpoles. Part 2" Noyaku Seisan Gijutsu 29:23-28 (1972) (phenylmercury fluoride)
Bufo Marinus / Rhinella Marina
Cane Toad
Boom A, Flamion B, Abramow M, Beauwens R - "Drugs activating G proteins disturb cycling of ADH-dependent water channels in toad urinary bladder" Am J Physiol 269(2 Pt 1):C424-C434 (1995) (AlF3)
Portner HO, Boutilier RG, Tang Y, Toews DP - "Determination of intracellular pH and PCO2 after metabolic inhibition by fluoride and nitrilotriacetic acid" Respir Physiol 81(2):255-273 (1990) (potassium fluoride)
Reid TW, Stein PJ - "Studies of Organophosphate Effects on Retinal Physiology, Cell Biology and Biochemistry" Govt Reports Announcements & Index, Issue 23 (1986) (DFP)
Bufo Melanostictus / Duttaphrynus Melanostictus
Black Spined Toad / Asian Common Toad
Mishra PC, Mohapatra AK - "Haematological characteristics and bone fluoride content in Bufo melanostictus from an aluminum industrial site" Environ Pollut 99(3):421-423 (1998) (environmental fluoride)
Bufo Terrestris / Anaxyrus Terrestris
Southern Toad
Gabbadon PW, Chapman FA - "Use of the Lampricide 3-Trifluoromethyl-4-Nitrophenol (TFM) to Control Tadpoles in Warmwater Ornamental Fish Ponds" Prog Fish-Cult 58(1):23-28 (1996) (3-trifluoromethyl-4-nitrophenol)
Hyla Versicolor / Dryophytes Versicolor
Grey Tree Frog
Chandler JH, Marking LL - "Toxicity of the lampricide 3-trifluoromethyl-4-nitrophenol (TFM) to selected aquatic invertebrates and frog larvae" Invest Fish Control 62:1-7 (1975) (3-trifluoromethyl-4-nitrophenol)
Both inorganic and organic fluoride compounds have been used in investigations in the following species:
Xenopus
African Clawed Frog
Bufo Gargarizans
Chinese Toad
Rana Chensinensis
Chinese Brown Frog / Asiatic Grass Frog
Rana Nigromaculata
Black Spotted Frog
Rana Temporaria
Common Frog
Rana Vulgaris, Bufo Rana
Common Toad
Rana Ridibunda
Marsh or Lake Frog
Rana Catesbeiana
North American Bullfrog
Rana Clamitans
Green Frog
Rana Pipiens
Leopard Frog
Rhinella Arenarum
Common South American Toad
Boana Cordobae / Hypsiboas Cordobae
Córdoba Tree Frog
Euphlyctis Cyanophlyctis
Skittering Frog
Polypedates Maculatus
Indian Tree Frog
Bufo Japonicus
Japanese Toad
Bufo Marinus / Rhinella Marina
Cane Toad
Bufo Melanostictus / Duttaphrynus Melanostictus
Black Spined Toad / Asian Common Toad
Bufo Terrestris / Anaxyrus Terrestris
Southern Toad
Hyla Versicolor / Dryophytes Versicolor
Grey Tree Frog
Xenopus
African Clawed Frog
Bergink EW, Wittliff JL - "Molecular weights of estrogen and androgen binding proteins in the liver of Xenopus laevis" Biochemistry 14(14):3115-3121 (1975) (PMSF, DPF)
Drury K - "Method for the preparation of active maturation promoting factor (MPF) from in vitro matured oocytes of Xenopus laevis" Differentiation 10(3):181-186 (1978) (sodium fluoride)
Erikson E, Maller JL - "Purification and characterization of a protein kinase from Xenopus eggs highly specific for ribosomal protein S6" J Biol Chem 261(1):350-355 (1986) (sodium fluoride)
Erikson E, Maller JL - "Biochemical characterization of the p34cdc2 protein kinase component of purified maturation-promoting factor from Xenopus eggs" J Biol Chem 264(33):19577-19582 (1989) (sodium fluoride)
Fan TJ, Katagiri C - "Properties of the hatching enzyme from Xenopus laevis" Eur J Biochem 268(18):4892-4898 (2001)
Felix MA, Cohen P, Karsenti E - "Cdc2 H1 kinase is negatively regulated by a type 2A phosphatase in the Xenopus early embryonic cell cycle: evidence from the effects of okadaic acid" EMBO J 9(3):675-683 (1990) (sodium fluoride)
Finidori J, Hanoune J, Baulieu EE - "Adenylate cyclase in Xenopus laevis oocytes: characterization of the progesterone-sensitive, membrane-bound form" Mol Cell Endocrinol 28(2):211-227 (1982) (sodium fluoride)
Fraser SP, Barrett P, Djamgoz MB, Morgan PJ - "Melatonin receptor mRNA expression in Xenopus oocytes: inhibition of G-protein-activated response" Neurosci Lett 124(2):242-245 (1991) (AlF4-)
Fujii K, Kasahara J, Nakamura K, Sugiyama H - "Differential selectivity of M1 and M3 type muscarinic acetylcholine receptors in coupling with a G protein G01 alpha examined in Xenopus oocytes" Neurosci Lett 215(2):131-133 (1996) (AlF4-)
Goh EH, Neff AW - "Effects of fluoride on Xenopus embryo development" Food Chem Toxicol 41(11):1501-1508 (2003) (sodium fluoride)
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0278-6915(03)00165-3
Kuang J, Penkala JE, Wright DA, Saunders GF, Rao PN - "A novel M phase-specific H1 kinase recognized by the mitosis-specific monoclonal antibody MPM-2" Dev Biol 144(1):54-64 (1991) (sodium fluoride)
Liu Q, Qian L, Guo S, Shi H - "Effects of Perfluorooctanesulfonate on the Growth, Metamorphosis, Thyroid and Gonadal Histology of Xenopus laevis" Asian Journal of Ecotoxicology 3(5):464-472 (2008) PFPC Library (PFOS)
"The present study found that, at low concentration, PFOS...showed an inverted U-shaped dose-response characteristic commonly seen with endocrine-disrupting substances. These results showed that PFOS could stimulate the metamorphosis of tadpoles at low dose, induce the damage of thyroid histology, and lead to the feminization of testis histology and the abnormal elevation of sex ratio (female/male)."
Matsumoto M, Barnard EA - "Effects of an activator and an inhibitor of protein kinase C on serotonin receptors induced by rat brain mRNA in Xenopus oocytes" Neurosci Lett 167(1-2):183-186 (1994) (AlF4-)
Moon C, Fraser SP, Djamgoz MB - "G-protein activation, intracellular Ca2+ mobilization and phosphorylation studies of membrane currents induced by AlF4- in Xenopus oocytes" Cell Signal 9(7):497-504 (1997) (AlF4-)
Mukhopadhyay A, Barbieri AM, Funato K, Roberts R, Stahl PD - "Sequential actions of Rab5 and Rab7 regulate endocytosis in the Xenopus oocyte" J Cell Biol 136(6):1227-1237 (1997) (AlF4-)
Nagase Y, Kaibara M, Uezono Y, Izumi F, Sumikawa K, Taniyama K - "Propofol inhibits muscarinic acetylcholine receptor-mediated signal transduction in Xenopus oocytes expressing the rat M1 receptor" Jpn J Pharmacol 79(3):319-325 (1999) (AlF4-)
Nair M, Belak ZR, Ovsenek N - "Effects of fluoride on expression of bone-specific genes in developing Xenopus laevis larvae" Biochem Cell Biol 89(4):377-386 (2011) (sodium fluoride)
https://doi.org/10.1139/o11-034
Nakamura K, Nukada T, Haga T, Sugiyama H - "G protein-mediated inhibition of phosphoinositide metabolism evoked by metabotropic glutamate receptors in frog oocytes" J Physiol 474(1):35-41 (1994) (AlF4-)
Olate J, Jordana X, Allende CC, Allende J - "Inhibition by phenothiazine derivatives of the adenylate cyclase of amphibian oocytes" Biochem Pharmacol 32(21):3227-3232 (1983) (fluoride, fluphenazine, penfluridol)
Petersen CC, Berridge MJ - "G-protein regulation of capacitative calcium entry may be mediated by protein kinases A and C in Xenopus oocytes" Biochem J 307(Pt 3):663-668 (1995) (AlF4-)
Richardson C, Potter RL - "Changes in nucleotide-binding proteins during oocyte maturation in Xenopus laevis" Dev Biol 99(1):240-247 (1983) (sodium fluoride)
Rogers E, Black M - "Effects of fluoxetine on development and metamorphosis in Xenopus laevis" Fourth SETAC World Congress, Portland, Oregon, USA (2004) (fluoxetine; ammonium perchlorate positive control)
Ronoh IC - "Developmental impacts of fluoride and its toxicity on thyroid endocrine disruption in Xenopus laevis" University of Eldoret Repository (2022) (fluoride; thyroxine, triiodothyronine, methimazole)
Ronoh IC - "Chronic Fluoride Toxicity Effects on Thyroid Iodine Metabolism in Xenopus laevis Tadpoles" Journal of Aquatic and Terrestrial Ecosystems 1(1):66-72 (2023) (fluoride; thyroxine, triiodothyronine, methimazole)
https://blueprintacademicpublishers.com ... le/view/26
Shibuya EK, Masui Y - "Stabilization and enhancement of primary cytostatic factor (CSF) by ATP and NaF in amphibian egg cytosols" Dev Biol 129(1):253-264 (1988) (sodium fluoride)
Shirai Y, Hosie AM, Buckingham SD, Holyoke CW Jr, Baylis HA, Sattelle DB - "Actions of picrotoxinin analogues on an expressed, homo-oligomeric GABA receptor of Drosophila melanogaster" Neurosci Lett 189(1):1-4 (1995) (fluorine substitution)
Shiraishi M, Minami K, Uezono Y, Yanagihara N, Shigematsu A - "Inhibition by tramadol of muscarinic receptor-induced responses in cultured adrenal medullary cells and in Xenopus laevis oocytes expressing cloned M1 receptors" J Pharmacol Exp Ther 299(1):255-260 (2001) (AlF4-)
Sun QQ, Dale N - "G-proteins are involved in 5-HT receptor-mediated modulation of N- and P/Q- but not T-type Ca2+ channels" J Neurosci 19(3):890-899 (1999) (AlF4-)
Torrejon M, Echeverria V, Retamales G, Herrera L, Hinrichs MV, Olate J - "Molecular cloning and expression of an adenylyl cyclase from Xenopus laevis oocytes" FEBS Lett 404(1):91-94 (1997) (AlF4-)
Ueno S, Trudell JR, Eger EI 2nd, Harris RA - "Actions of fluorinated alkanols on GABA(A) receptors: relevance to theories of narcosis" Anesth Analg 88(4):877-883 (1999) (fluorinated alkanols)
Yost A, Lisner A, Cox K, Jeffries M - "The Effects of Fluoride on Thyroid Hormone Signaling and Metamorphosis in Xenopus laevis Tadpoles" Texas Christian University Student Research Symposium Poster (2014) (sodium fluoride; thyroxine co-exposure)
Zhang SC, Masui Y - "Activation of Xenopus laevis eggs in the absence of intracellular Ca activity by the protein phosphorylation inhibitor, 6-dimethylaminopurine (6-DMAP)" J Exp Zool 262(3):317-329 (1992) (NaF)
Bufo Gargarizans
Chinese Toad
Bo X, Mu D, Wu M, Xiao H, Wang H - "The morphological changes and molecular biomarker responses in the liver of fluoride-exposed Bufo gargarizans larvae" Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 151:199-205 (2018) (sodium fluoride)
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2018.01.027
Bo X - "Effects of fluoride on the development of tadpoles of Bufo gargarizans" Master's Thesis, Shaanxi Normal University, Developmental Biology (2019) (sodium fluoride)
Chai L, Wang H, Zhao H, Dong S - "Chronic effects of fluoride exposure on growth, metamorphosis, and skeleton development in Bufo gargarizans larvae" Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 98(4):496-501 (2017) (sodium fluoride)
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00128-017-2036-3
Wang X, Bo X, Yao Q, Wu M, Wang H - "The effect of fluorine exposure on morphological indicators and intestinal microbial community in Bufo gargarizans tadpoles" Ecol Indic 98:763-771 (2019) (sodium fluoride)
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2018.11.070
Wang X, Zheng R, Yao Q, Liang Z, Wu M, Wang H - "Effects of fluoride on the histology, lipid metabolism, and bile acid secretion in liver of Bufo gargarizans larvae" Environ Pollut 254(Pt B):113052 (2019) (sodium fluoride)
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2019.113052
Wu C, Zhang Y, Chai L, Wang H - "Transcriptomics provides mechanistic indicators of fluoride toxicology on endochondral ossification in the hind limb of Bufo gargarizans" Aquat Toxicol 201:138-150 (2018) (sodium fluoride)
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquatox.2018.06.006
Zhang Y, Xie L, Li X, Chai L, Chen M, Kong X, Wang Q, Liu J, Zhi L, Yang C, Wang H - "Effects of fluoride on morphology, growth, development, and thyroid hormone of Chinese toad (Bufo gargarizans) embryos" Environ Mol Mutagen 59(2):123-133 (2018) (sodium fluoride)
https://doi.org/10.1002/em.22147
Zhao H, Chai L, Wang H - "Effects of fluoride on metamorphosis, thyroid and skeletal development in Bufo gargarizans tadpoles" Ecotoxicology 22(7):1123-1132 (2013) (sodium fluoride)
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10646-013-1099-0
Rana Chensinensis
Chinese Brown Frog / Asiatic Grass Frog
Chai L, Dong S, Zhao H, Deng H, Wang H - "Effects of fluoride on development and growth of Rana chensinensis embryos and larvae" Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 126:129-137 (2016) (sodium fluoride)
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2015.12.015
Chen J, Chai L, Zhao H, Wu M, Wang H - "Effects of fluoride exposure on the growth, metamorphosis, and skeletal development of Rana chensinesis and Rana nigromaculata larvae" Fluoride 49(2):128-142 (2016) (sodium fluoride)
Rana Nigromaculata
Black Spotted Frog
Chen J, Chai L, Zhao H, Wu M, Wang H - "Effects of fluoride exposure on the growth, metamorphosis, and skeletal development of Rana chensinesis and Rana nigromaculata larvae" Fluoride 49(2):128-142 (2016) (sodium fluoride)
Kawakami I - "Teratogenic effects of chemicals on early amphibian development with special reference to the lithium effects" Acta Pathol Jpn 5(Suppl):475-484 (1955) (sodium fluoride)
Rana Temporaria
Common Frog
Becker E - "Ableitung von Qualitätszielen zum Schutz oberirdischer Binnengewässer für Organozinnverbindungen: Dibutylzinnverbindungen, Tetrabutylzinn, Tributylzinnverbindungen, Triphenylzinnverbindungen" Umweltbundesamt, Entwurf für den BLAK QZ, Stand 26.3. (1992) (tributyltin fluoride)
Fink R, Hase S, Lüttgau HC, Wettwer E - "The effect of cellular energy reserves and internal calcium ions on the potassium conductance in skeletal muscle of the frog" J Physiol 336:211-228 (1983) (dinitrofluorobenzene)
Kenny GN, Spurway NC, Stenhouse G - "The anion permeability of frog skeletal muscle in fluoride solutions" J Physiol 211(2):3P-4P (1970) (fluoride solutions)
Kuusisto AN, Telkkä A - "The effect of sodium fluoride on the metamorphosis of tadpoles" Acta Odontol Scand 19(1):121-127 (1961) (sodium fluoride)
https://doi.org/10.3109/00016356108993946
Laughlin R, Linden O - "Sublethal responses of the tadpoles of the European frog Rana temporaria to two tributyltin compounds" Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 28(4):494-499 (1982) (tributyltin fluoride)
Mironava AP - "Effect of low doses of sodium fluoride on the resistance of the frog sartorius muscle to the action of sodium fluoride" Tsitologiya 19(7):746-750 (1977) (sodium fluoride)
Rana Vulgaris, Bufo Rana
Common Toad
Kawakami I - "Teratogenic effects of chemicals on early amphibian development with special reference to the lithium effects" Acta Pathol Jpn 5(Suppl):475-484 (1955) (sodium fluoride)
Kraft K - "Beiträge zur Biochemie des Fluors I. Über den Antagonismus zwischen Fluor und Thyroxin" Hoppe-Seylers Z Physiol Chem 245:58-65 (1936) (sodium fluoride, fluorobenzoic acid, fluorotyrosine)
Rana Ridibunda
Marsh or Lake Frog
Theophilidis G, Benaki M, Papadopoulou-Mourkidou E - "Neurotoxic action of six pyrethroid insecticides on the isolated sciatic nerve of a frog (Rana ridibunda)" Comp Biochem Physiol C Pharmacol Toxicol Endocrinol 118(1):97-103 (1997) (flucythrinate, fluvalinate)
Rana Catesbeiana
North American Bullfrog
Abe Y, Aomine M, Goto M - "Dual effects of fluoride on the action potential, contraction, and membrane currents in frog atrial muscle" Recent Adv Stud Cardiac Struct Metab 11:73-78 (1976) (fluoride)
Chandler JH, Marking LL - "Toxicity of the lampricide 3-trifluoromethyl-4-nitrophenol (TFM) to selected aquatic invertebrates and frog larvae" Invest Fish Control 62:1-7 (1975) (3-trifluoromethyl-4-nitrophenol)
Hattori T, Maehashi H - "Enhancement of the twitch of bull frog sartorius muscle by fluorides" Jpn J Pharmacol 40(1):191-193 (1986) (sodium fluoride, stannous fluoride, potassium fluoride, sodium silicofluoride, diamine silver fluoride)
Hattori T, Maehashi H - "Facilitation of frog neuromuscular transmission by sodium fluoride" Br J Pharmacol 92(3):513-519 (1987) (sodium fluoride)
Nishiuchi Y, Yoshida K - "Toxicity of agricultural chemicals to tadpoles. Part 2" Noyaku Seisan Gijutsu 29:23-28 (1972) (phenylmercury fluoride)
Rana Clamitans
Green Frog
Kane AS, Johnson DL - "Use of TFM (3-Trifluoromethyl-4-Nitrophenol) to selectively control frog larvae in fish production ponds" Prog Fish-Cult 51:207-213 (1989) (3-trifluoromethyl-4-nitrophenol)
Rana Pipiens
Leopard Frog
Ankley GT, Kuehl DW, Kahl MD, Jensen KM, Butterworth BC, Nichols JW - "Partial life-cycle toxicity and bioconcentration modeling of perfluorooctane sulfonate in the northern leopard frog (Rana pipiens)" Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 23:2745-2755 (2004)
https://academic.oup.com/etc/article-ab ... 45/7775188
Cameron JA - "Effect of Fluorine on Hatching Time and Hatching Stage in Rana pipiens" Ecology 21(2):288-292 (1940) (fluorine / fluoride exposure)
https://doi.org/10.2307/1930505
Chandler JH, Marking LL - "Toxicity of the lampricide 3-trifluoromethyl-4-nitrophenol (TFM) to selected aquatic invertebrates and frog larvae" Invest Fish Control 62:1-7 (1975) (3-trifluoromethyl-4-nitrophenol)
Kane AS, Johnson DL - "Use of TFM (3-Trifluoromethyl-4-Nitrophenol) to selectively control frog larvae in fish production ponds" Prog Fish-Cult 51:207-213 (1989) (3-trifluoromethyl-4-nitrophenol)
Kaplan HM, Yee N, Glaczenski SS - "Toxicity of Fluoride for Frogs" Lab Anim Care 14:185-198 (1964) (sodium fluoride)
Rick R - "Metabolic control of intracellular ion concentrations in the frog skin epithelium" Miner Electrolyte Metab 15(3):150-154 (1989) (monofluoroacetate)
Rhinella Arenarum
Common South American Toad
Otero MA, Pollo FE, Grenat PR, Salas NE, Martino AL - "Differential effects on life history traits and body size of two anuran species inhabiting an environment related to fluorite mine" Ecol Indic 93:36-44 (2018) (fluoride-rich fluorite mine environment)
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2018.04.065
Otero MA, Grenat PR, Pollo FE, Baraquet M, Martino AL - "Effect on growth and development of common toad (Rhinella arenarum) tadpoles in environment related to fluorite mine" Sci Total Environ 904:166936 (2023) (fluoride-rich fluorite mine water / sediment environment)
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.166936
Pollo FE, Bionda CL, Otero MA, Grenat PR, Babini MS, Flores P, Grisolia M, Salas NE, Martino AL - "Morphological abnormalities in natural populations of the common South American toad Rhinella arenarum inhabiting fluoride-rich environments" Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 177:32-38 (2019) (fluoride-rich environment)
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2019.03.098
Pollo FE, Grenat PR, Salinas ZA, Otero MA, Salas NE, Martino AL - "Evaluation in situ of genotoxicity and stress in South American common toad Rhinella arenarum in environments related to fluorite mine" Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 24(22):18179-18187 (2017) (fluoride-rich fluorite mine environment)
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-017-9479-2
Boana Cordobae / Hypsiboas Cordobae
Córdoba Tree Frog
Otero MA, Pollo FE, Grenat PR, Salas NE, Martino AL - "Differential effects on life history traits and body size of two anuran species inhabiting an environment related to fluorite mine" Ecol Indic 93:36-44 (2018) (fluoride-rich fluorite mine environment)
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2018.04.065
Pollo FE, Cibils-Martina L, Otero MA, Baraquet M, Grenat PR, Salas NE, Martino AL - "Anuran tadpoles inhabiting a fluoride-rich stream: diets and morphological indicators" Heliyon 5(6):e02003 (2019) (fluoride-rich stream)
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2019.e02003
Euphlyctis Cyanophlyctis
Skittering Frog
Pal S, Samanta P, Kole D, Mukherjee AK, Ghosh AR - "Acute Toxicity and Oxidative Stress Responses in Tadpole of Skittering Frog, Euphlyctis cyanophlyctis (Schneider, 1799) to Sodium Fluoride Exposure" Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 100(2):202-207 (2018) (sodium fluoride)
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00128-017-2264-6
Polypedates Maculatus
Indian Tree Frog
Mohapatra PP, Pattnaik S, Mahapatra PK - "Fluoride-induced developmental toxicity in the tadpoles of the Indian tree frog Polypedates maculatus" Ecology Environment and Conservation 32(April Suppl. Issue):S408-S415 (2026) (sodium fluoride)
https://doi.org/10.53550/EEC.2026.v32.i02s.056
Bufo Japonicus
Japanese Toad
Nishiuchi Y, Yoshida K - "Toxicity of agricultural chemicals to tadpoles. Part 2" Noyaku Seisan Gijutsu 29:23-28 (1972) (phenylmercury fluoride)
Bufo Marinus / Rhinella Marina
Cane Toad
Boom A, Flamion B, Abramow M, Beauwens R - "Drugs activating G proteins disturb cycling of ADH-dependent water channels in toad urinary bladder" Am J Physiol 269(2 Pt 1):C424-C434 (1995) (AlF3)
Portner HO, Boutilier RG, Tang Y, Toews DP - "Determination of intracellular pH and PCO2 after metabolic inhibition by fluoride and nitrilotriacetic acid" Respir Physiol 81(2):255-273 (1990) (potassium fluoride)
Reid TW, Stein PJ - "Studies of Organophosphate Effects on Retinal Physiology, Cell Biology and Biochemistry" Govt Reports Announcements & Index, Issue 23 (1986) (DFP)
Bufo Melanostictus / Duttaphrynus Melanostictus
Black Spined Toad / Asian Common Toad
Mishra PC, Mohapatra AK - "Haematological characteristics and bone fluoride content in Bufo melanostictus from an aluminum industrial site" Environ Pollut 99(3):421-423 (1998) (environmental fluoride)
Bufo Terrestris / Anaxyrus Terrestris
Southern Toad
Gabbadon PW, Chapman FA - "Use of the Lampricide 3-Trifluoromethyl-4-Nitrophenol (TFM) to Control Tadpoles in Warmwater Ornamental Fish Ponds" Prog Fish-Cult 58(1):23-28 (1996) (3-trifluoromethyl-4-nitrophenol)
Hyla Versicolor / Dryophytes Versicolor
Grey Tree Frog
Chandler JH, Marking LL - "Toxicity of the lampricide 3-trifluoromethyl-4-nitrophenol (TFM) to selected aquatic invertebrates and frog larvae" Invest Fish Control 62:1-7 (1975) (3-trifluoromethyl-4-nitrophenol)