Chen Diqun, Meng Fangang, Liu Lixiang, Zhao Rencheng, Du Yang, Jiao Lisha, Liu Shoujun, Liu Yuan, Huang Jumei, Wang Xin, Liang Na, Sun Guodong, Xi Jianguo - "A Typical Survey on Thyroid Nodules in Adults in Juye County, Shandong Province, China" Chin J Ctrl Endem Dis 29(1):5-8 (2014) PFPC Library
"Within the water iodine range of 200–300 μg/L, an increase in water fluoride from (0.99±0.29) mg/L to (1.67±0.19) mg/L led to a significant decrease in both thyroid nodule detection rates and TPOAb positivity rates."
Abstract:
Objective: To investigate the detection rates of thyroid nodules and TPOAb positivity in populations with different iodine and fluoride intake levels. Methods: A total of 396 residents aged 23 and above in three rural areas of Juye County, Shandong, with low fluoride and adequate iodine, low fluoride and high iodine, and high fluoride and high iodine intake were subjected to thyroid ultrasound, TPOAb, and urinary iodine measurements.
Results: The median urinary iodine levels (MUI) in the low fluoride with adequate iodine, low fluoride with high iodine, and high fluoride with high iodine groups were 207.1, 383.9, and 461.7 μg/L, respectively. The detection rates of thyroid nodules were 16.5%, 22.0%, and 11.5%, and TPOAb positivity rates were 25.9%, 33.7%, and 12.4%, respectively. The detection rate of thyroid nodules in the high fluoride with high iodine group was significantly lower than that in the high iodine with low fluoride group (P < 0.05). With increasing age, the detection rates of thyroid nodules increased, reaching the highest in those aged 60 and above at 24.4%, 29.2%, and 18.8%, respectively, with significant trends observed (P < 0.05). The TPOAb positivity rate in the normal thyroid ultrasound population in the high fluoride with high iodine group was significantly lower than that in the low fluoride with adequate iodine and low fluoride with high iodine groups. Conclusion: Within the water iodine range of 200–300 μg/L, an increase in water fluoride from (0.99±0.29) mg/L to (1.67±0.19) mg/L led to a significant decrease in both thyroid nodule detection rates and TPOAb positivity rates.
Keywords: Iodine; Fluoride; Thyroid nodules; TPOAb
2014: Fluoride reduces TPOab in high iodine areas
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The Impact of Fluoride on Iodine-Induced Thyroid Nodules and Oxidative Stress Indicators
Chen Diqun - "The Impact of Fluoride on Iodine-Induced Thyroid Nodules and Oxidative Stress Indicators" Master Thesis, Harbin Medical University, (2014)
Abstract:
Objective: To investigate the effects of fluoride on iodine-induced thyroid nodules and oxidative stress indicators. When individuals are exposed to high iodine and/or high fluoride environments for an extended period, there may be fluctuations or changes in the morphology and function of the thyroid, as well as in the levels of serum oxidative stress indicators. This study aims to describe and analyze the distribution of urinary iodine, the prevalence of thyroid nodules, thyroid autoantibodies, and oxidative stress levels in the population exposed to high iodine and/or high fluoride, further supplementing epidemiological data on iodine-induced thyroid nodules.
Methods: In October 2012, a typical survey method was employed to investigate 805 individuals, including 8-12 year-old children and adults over 20 years old, in ten villages from three rural areas in Juye County, Shandong Province. The areas included those with low fluoride and adequate iodine, low fluoride and high iodine, and high fluoride and high iodine. Thyroid ultrasound examinations were conducted, and mid-morning spot urine samples were collected for urinary iodine measurements. Fasting venous blood samples were taken to measure various indicators, including thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), free triiodothyronine (FT3), free thyroxine (FT4), thyroid peroxidase antibody (TPOAb), thyroglobulin antibody (TgAb), as well as whole blood total glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activity, superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, and malondialdehyde (MDA) content.
Results: The median urinary iodine levels for adults and children in the low fluoride with adequate iodine, low fluoride with high iodine, and high fluoride with high iodine groups were 207.1, 383.9, and 461.7 μg/L, and 196.4, 445.2, and 442.4 μg/L, respectively. The urinary iodine levels in both adults and children in the high fluoride with high iodine group and the high iodine with low fluoride group were higher than those in the low fluoride with adequate iodine group (p < 0.05). The prevalence of thyroid nodules in adults was highest in the high iodine with low fluoride group at 22.0%, exceeding that in the high fluoride with high iodine group (χ2=5.521, p < 0.05). The prevalence of thyroid nodules in children in the high iodine with low fluoride group was 4.3%, with rates of 3.0% for boys and 6.0% for girls. The TPOAb positivity rates in adults in the high fluoride with high iodine group (12.36%) were lower than those in the low fluoride with adequate iodine group (25.93%) and the high iodine with low fluoride group (33.08%). Similarly, the TPOAb positivity rates in children in the high fluoride with high iodine group (12.50%) were lower than those in the low fluoride with adequate iodine group (33.05%) and the high iodine with low fluoride group (26.25%), with no significant differences in TgAb positivity rates between groups. The MDA levels for adults in the low fluoride with adequate iodine, low fluoride with high iodine, and high fluoride with high iodine groups were (4.93±1.88), (3.81±0.98), and (2.92±1.40) nmol/L, respectively. The SOD activities were (7.30±9.1), (29.54±8.11), and (12.66±4.02) U/mL, and the GPx activities were (65.84±35.95), (54.29±20.59), and (34.28±23.18) mU/mL, respectively. The MDA levels were highest in the low fluoride with adequate iodine group and lowest in the high fluoride with high iodine group. The SOD levels were lower in the low fluoride with adequate iodine group than in the high fluoride with low iodine group and the high fluoride with high iodine group (p < 0.05). The GPx levels were higher in the low fluoride with adequate iodine group than in the high fluoride with low iodine group and the high fluoride with high iodine group (p < 0.05). For children, the MDA levels in the low fluoride with adequate iodine, low fluoride with high iodine, and high fluoride with high iodine groups were (4.22±0.75), (3.08±1.51), and (3.03±1.37) nmol/L, respectively. The SOD activities were (12.78±2.44), (14.25±3.98), and (15.47±2.71) U/mL, and the GPx activities were (51.64±48.55), (49.83±17.20), and (49.38±16.30) mU/mL, respectively. The MDA and GPx levels were higher in the low fluoride with adequate iodine group than in the high fluoride with low iodine group and the high fluoride with high iodine group (p < 0.05), while the SOD levels were lower in the low fluoride with adequate iodine group than in the high fluoride with low iodine group and the high fluoride with high iodine group (p < 0.05).
Conclusion: Long-term consumption of water with high iodine and/or high fluoride content may have varying degrees of impact on the thyroid morphology and function, as well as oxidative stress indicators in both adults and children.
Abstract:
Objective: To investigate the effects of fluoride on iodine-induced thyroid nodules and oxidative stress indicators. When individuals are exposed to high iodine and/or high fluoride environments for an extended period, there may be fluctuations or changes in the morphology and function of the thyroid, as well as in the levels of serum oxidative stress indicators. This study aims to describe and analyze the distribution of urinary iodine, the prevalence of thyroid nodules, thyroid autoantibodies, and oxidative stress levels in the population exposed to high iodine and/or high fluoride, further supplementing epidemiological data on iodine-induced thyroid nodules.
Methods: In October 2012, a typical survey method was employed to investigate 805 individuals, including 8-12 year-old children and adults over 20 years old, in ten villages from three rural areas in Juye County, Shandong Province. The areas included those with low fluoride and adequate iodine, low fluoride and high iodine, and high fluoride and high iodine. Thyroid ultrasound examinations were conducted, and mid-morning spot urine samples were collected for urinary iodine measurements. Fasting venous blood samples were taken to measure various indicators, including thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), free triiodothyronine (FT3), free thyroxine (FT4), thyroid peroxidase antibody (TPOAb), thyroglobulin antibody (TgAb), as well as whole blood total glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activity, superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, and malondialdehyde (MDA) content.
Results: The median urinary iodine levels for adults and children in the low fluoride with adequate iodine, low fluoride with high iodine, and high fluoride with high iodine groups were 207.1, 383.9, and 461.7 μg/L, and 196.4, 445.2, and 442.4 μg/L, respectively. The urinary iodine levels in both adults and children in the high fluoride with high iodine group and the high iodine with low fluoride group were higher than those in the low fluoride with adequate iodine group (p < 0.05). The prevalence of thyroid nodules in adults was highest in the high iodine with low fluoride group at 22.0%, exceeding that in the high fluoride with high iodine group (χ2=5.521, p < 0.05). The prevalence of thyroid nodules in children in the high iodine with low fluoride group was 4.3%, with rates of 3.0% for boys and 6.0% for girls. The TPOAb positivity rates in adults in the high fluoride with high iodine group (12.36%) were lower than those in the low fluoride with adequate iodine group (25.93%) and the high iodine with low fluoride group (33.08%). Similarly, the TPOAb positivity rates in children in the high fluoride with high iodine group (12.50%) were lower than those in the low fluoride with adequate iodine group (33.05%) and the high iodine with low fluoride group (26.25%), with no significant differences in TgAb positivity rates between groups. The MDA levels for adults in the low fluoride with adequate iodine, low fluoride with high iodine, and high fluoride with high iodine groups were (4.93±1.88), (3.81±0.98), and (2.92±1.40) nmol/L, respectively. The SOD activities were (7.30±9.1), (29.54±8.11), and (12.66±4.02) U/mL, and the GPx activities were (65.84±35.95), (54.29±20.59), and (34.28±23.18) mU/mL, respectively. The MDA levels were highest in the low fluoride with adequate iodine group and lowest in the high fluoride with high iodine group. The SOD levels were lower in the low fluoride with adequate iodine group than in the high fluoride with low iodine group and the high fluoride with high iodine group (p < 0.05). The GPx levels were higher in the low fluoride with adequate iodine group than in the high fluoride with low iodine group and the high fluoride with high iodine group (p < 0.05). For children, the MDA levels in the low fluoride with adequate iodine, low fluoride with high iodine, and high fluoride with high iodine groups were (4.22±0.75), (3.08±1.51), and (3.03±1.37) nmol/L, respectively. The SOD activities were (12.78±2.44), (14.25±3.98), and (15.47±2.71) U/mL, and the GPx activities were (51.64±48.55), (49.83±17.20), and (49.38±16.30) mU/mL, respectively. The MDA and GPx levels were higher in the low fluoride with adequate iodine group than in the high fluoride with low iodine group and the high fluoride with high iodine group (p < 0.05), while the SOD levels were lower in the low fluoride with adequate iodine group than in the high fluoride with low iodine group and the high fluoride with high iodine group (p < 0.05).
Conclusion: Long-term consumption of water with high iodine and/or high fluoride content may have varying degrees of impact on the thyroid morphology and function, as well as oxidative stress indicators in both adults and children.