PFAS & Thyroid - A Selective Literature Review: 2009 - 2024

wendy · Post by **wendy** » Sun Jan 15, 2023 10:53 am

Worldwide, hundreds of studies have been conducted in the last 25 years documenting the effects of PFAS on thyroid hormone metabolism.

Below, we have listed 80+ studies from the last 15 years that we believe to be of special importance.

2024

Averina M, Huber S, Almås B, Brox J, Jacobsen BK, Furberg AS, Grimnes G - "Early menarche and other endocrine disrupting effects of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in adolescents from Northern Norway. The Fit Futures study" Environ Res 242:117703 (2024). doi: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.117703
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/a ... 5123025070
"Perfluoroundecanoate (PFUnDA) was negatively associated with free thyroxine (fT4) and free triiodothyronine (fT3) in boys. PFNA and PFDA were also negatively associated with fT3 in boys."

Conley JM, Lambright CS, Evans N, Bangma J, Ford J, Hill D, Medlock-Kakaley E, Gray LE Jr - "Maternal and Neonatal Effects of Maternal Oral Exposure to Perfluoro-2-methoxyacetic Acid (PFMOAA) during Pregnancy and Early Lactation in the Sprague-Dawley Rat" Environ Sci Technol (2024) doi: 10.1021/acs.est.3c08559
https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acs.est.3c08559
"Reduced pup liver glycogen, increased liver weights and reduced thyroid hormone levels (maternal and pup) were the most sensitive end points modeled."

Davidsen N, Ramhøj L, Ballegaard AR, Rosenmai AK, Henriksen CS, Svingen T - "Perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS) disrupts cadherin-16 in the developing rat thyroid gland" Curr Res Toxicol 6:100154 (2024). doi: 10.1016/j.crtox.2024.100154
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10861841/

Tan K, Zhang QQ, Wang Y, Wang C, Hu C, Wang L, Liu H, Tian Z- "Associations between per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances exposure and thyroid hormone levels in the elderly" Science of The Total Environment 170761 (2024)
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.170761.
"Exposure to PFAS was common in the elderly population and was associated with decreased TSH and FT4 levels and increased T4 and T3 levels. These results indicated that PFASs may cause thyroid-disrupting effects in the elderly population."

Xie LN, Wang XC, Su LQ, Ji SS, Gu W, Barrett H, Dong XJ, Zhu HJ, Hou SS, Li ZH, Liu YL, Zhang L, Zhu Y - "The association between per-/polyfluoroalkyl substances in serum and thyroid function parameters: A cross-sectional study on teenagers living near a Chinese fluorochemical industrial plant" Sci Total Environ 920:170985 (2024). doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.170985
https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retriev ... 9724011240
"Decreased levels of FT4 (19.0 %) and elevated levels of FT3 (29.8 %) were observed."

Xing Y, Li Z, Wang J, Qu Y, Hu Q, Ji S, Chang X, Zhao F, Lv Y, Pan Y, Shi X, Dai J - "Associations between serum per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances and thyroid hormones in Chinese adults: A nationally representative cross-sectional study" Environ Int 184:108459 (2024). doi: 10.1016/j.envint.2024.108459
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/a ... 202400045X
"Both individual PFASs and PFAS mixtures exhibited a significant inverse association with serum T3 and T4 levels, and displayed a positive association with the T4/T3 ratio...Specifically, for perfluoroheptane sulfonic acid (PFHpS) and 6:2 chlorinated polyfluorinated ether sulfonate (6:2 Cl-PFESA), an initial decline in hormone levels was observed, followed by a slight increase when concentrations surpassed 0.7 ng/mL and 2.5 ng/mL, respectively. Sex-specific effects were more pronounced in females, and significant associations were observed predominantly in younger age groups."

Yi S, Wang J, Wang R, Liu M, Zhong W, Zhu L, Jiang G - "Structure-Related Thyroid Disrupting Effect of Perfluorooctanesulfonate-like Substances in Zebrafish Larvae" Environ Sci Technol (2024) 58(1):182-193. doi: 10.1021/acs.est.3c07003 3.
https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acs.est.3c07003
"PFOS-like substances could competitively replace THs to bind with TH plasma and membrane transporters, thereby disrupting TH transport and action, respectively. Moreover, they are also potent to disrupt TH synthesis and activation through Na+/K+-dependent transport of I- or competitive binding to the sites of deiodinases."

2023

Alsen M, Leung AM, van Gerwen M - "Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) in Community Water Systems (CWS) and the Risk of Thyroid Cancer: An Ecological Study" Toxics 11(9):786 (2023). doi: 10.3390/toxics11090786
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10537801/
"A statistically significant correlation was found between perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), perfluorononanoic acid (PFNA), and thyroid cancer incidence. The results suggest a potential link between certain PFAS exposures and thyroid cancer risk."

Averina M, Huber S, Almås B, Brox J, Jacobsen BK, Furberg AS, Grimnes G - "Early menarche and other endocrine disrupting effects of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in adolescents from Northern Norway. The Fit Futures study" Environ Res 242:117703 (2023). doi: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.117703
"Serum concentrations of several PFAS were associated with parathyroid and steroid hormones in both sexes, and with thyroid hormones in boys, as well as with early menarche in girls and higher PDS in boys."

Cao Z, Li J, Yang M, Gong H, Xiang F, Zheng H, Cai X, Xu S, Zhou A, Xiao H - "Prenatal exposure to perfluorooctane sulfonate alternatives and associations with neonatal thyroid stimulating hormone concentration: A birth cohort study" Chemosphere 311(Pt 1):136940 (2023) doi: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.136940
https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retriev ... 22)03433-6
"Our prospective cohort study suggested a negative association of cord serum PFBS and 8:2 CI-PFESA with TSH concentration in newborns, especially for boys."

Degitz SJ, Olker JH, Denny JS, Degoey PP, Hartig PC, Cardon MC, Eytcheson SA, Haselman JT, Mayasich SA, Hornung MW - "In vitro screening of per- and polyfluorinated substances (PFAS) for interference with seven thyroid hormone system targets across nine assays" Toxicol In Vitro 95:105762 (2023). doi: 10.1016/j.tiv.2023.105762
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/a ... 3323002114
"In the initial single-concentration screening, 28 of the test chemicals caused inhibition of the hDIO1 [Deiodinase 1] with an activity >20%...Nineteen of these chemicals showed inhibition ≥50%."

Du Y, Chen C, Zhou G, Cai Z, Man Q, Liu B, Wang WC - "Perfluorooctanoic acid disrupts thyroid-specific genes expression and regulation via the TSH-TSHR signaling pathway in thyroid cells" Environ Res 239(Pt 1):117372 (2023). doi: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.117372
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37827365/
"Based on these findings, it can be inferred that PFOA disrupts the TSH-activated cAMP signaling pathway by inhibiting TSHR expression and its N-glycosylation. We propose that this mechanism may contribute to the decrease in thyroid hormone levels caused by PFOA."

Freire C, Vela-Soria F, Castiello F, Salamanca-Fernández E, Quesada-Jiménez R, López-Alados MC, Fernandez MF, Olea N - "Exposure to perfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) and association with thyroid hormones in adolescent males" Int J Hyg Environ Health 252:114219 (2023). doi: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2023.114219
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/a ... 3923001104
"Associations were observed mostly in boys with lower iodine intake...The PFAS mixture was positively associated with higher free T4 in boys with lower iodine intake."

Hu L, Mei H, Cai X, Xiang F, Li N, Huang Z, Duan Z, Yang P, Xiao H - "A co-twin control study of in utero exposure to poly- and perfluoroalkyl substances and associations with neonatal thyroid-stimulating hormone" Environ Res 239(Pt 1):117350 (2023) doi: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.117350.
https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retriev ... 23)02154-0
"Our present study suggests that higher maternal and cord plasma PFAS concentrations are associated with increased neonatal TSH, and genetic and familial factors contribute to these associations."

Li A, Hou J, Fu J, Wang Y, Hu Y, Zhuang T, Li M, Song M, Jiang G - "Association between serum levels of TSH and free T4 and per- and polyfluoroalkyl compounds concentrations in pregnant women" J Environ Sci (China) 124:11-18 (2023). doi: 10.1016/j.jes.2021.10.026
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/a ... 4221004472
"We found that perfluorobutanoic acid (PFBA) and perfluorodecanoic acid (PFDA) were suggestive of significant association with TSH in thyroid peroxidase antibody (TPOAb) negative women."

Li H, Yang M, Yang J, Seery S, Ma C, Liu Y, Zhang X, Li A, Guo H - "Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances and the associated thyroid cancer risk: A case-control study in China" Chemosphere 337:139411 (2023). doi: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.139411
https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retriev ... 23)01678-8
"In the overall mixture, PFOS and PFDA contributed most to positive and negative changes in thyroid cancer risk, respectively. However, PFOS, PFNA, PFDA, and PFUnDA were of equally high importance. This study is the first to confirm the effects of the PFAS mixture on thyroid cancer, and further large-scale prospective studies are still warranted to test these inverse associations."

Liu J, Song L, Zhan J, Zhong Y, Shi Z - "Occurrence of legacy and alternative per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in serum from high exposure population and their disrupting effects on serum lipids and thyroid function" Sci Total Environ 878:162988 (2023) doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.162988
https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retriev ... 23)01606-6
"Co-exposure of legacy long-chain PFAS showed synergistic effects on the free thyroxine, while the mixture of alternative PFAS showed a synergistic influence on the total and free triiodothyronine."

Liu X, Zhang L, Liu J, Zaya G, Wang Y, Xiang Q, Li J, Wu Y - "6:2 Chlorinated Polyfluoroalkyl Ether Sulfonates Exert Stronger Thyroid Homeostasis Disruptive Effects in Newborns than Perfluorooctanesulfonate: Evidence Based on Bayesian Benchmark Dose Values from a Population Study" Environ Sci Technol 57(31):11489-11498 (2023) doi: 10.1021/acs.est.3c03952
https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acs.est.3c03952
"These findings suggest that 6:2 Cl-PFESA, an alternative to PFOS, has a more pronounced impact on newborns’ thyroid homeostasis compared to PFOS and other legacy PFASs."

Sebastiano M, Jouanneau W, Blévin P, Angelier F, Parenteau C, Pallud M, Ribout C, Gernigon J, Lemesle JC, Robin F, Pardon P, Budzinski H, Labadie P, Chastel O - "Physiological effects of PFAS exposure in seabird chicks: A multi-species study of thyroid hormone triiodothyronine, body condition and telomere length in South Western France" Sci Total Environ 901:165920 (2023) doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.165920
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/a ... 972304545X
"These results corroborate previous findings and need to be further explored as they suggest that PFAS may interfere with the physiological status of chicks during the developmental period, potentially inducing long-lasting consequences."

Rodríguez-Carrillo A, Salamanca-Fernández E, den Hond E, Verheyen VJ, Fábelová L, Murinova LP, Pedraza-Díaz S, Castaño A, García-Lario JV, Remy S, Govarts E, Schoeters G, Olea N, Freire C, Fernández MF - "Association of exposure to perfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) and phthalates with thyroid hormones in adolescents from HBM4EU aligned studies" Environ Res 237(Pt 1):116897 (2023) doi: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.116897
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/a ... 5123017012
"In females, PFOA and the PFAS mixture were associated with lower FT4 and higher FT3. In males, PFOA was associated with lower FT4 and the PFAS mixture with higher TSH."

Rosen Vollmar AK, Lin EZ, Nason SL, Santiago K, Johnson CH, Ma X, Godri Pollitt KJ, Deziel NC - "Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) and thyroid hormone measurements in dried blood spots and neonatal characteristics: a pilot study" J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol 33(5):737-747 (2023). doi: 10.1038/s41370-023-00603-4
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10541328/

van Gerwen M, Colicino E, Guan H, Dolios G, Nadkarni GN, Vermeulen RCH, Wolff MS, Arora M, Genden EM, Petrick LM - "Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) exposure and thyroid cancer risk" EBioMedicine 97:104831 (2023) doi: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2023.104831
https://www.thelancet.com/journals/ebio ... 3/fulltext
"This study reports associations between exposure to PFAS and increased rate of (papillary) thyroid cancer. Thyroid cancer risk from PFAS exposure is a global concern given the prevalence of PFAS exposure."

Yang Z, Liu R, Liu H, Wei J, Lin X, Zhang M, Chen Y, Zhang J, Sun M, Feng Z, Liu J, Liu X, Huo X, Men K, Yang Q, Chen X, Tang NJ - "Sex-specific effect of perfluoroalkyl substances exposure on liver and thyroid function biomarkers: A mixture approach" Int J Hyg Environ Health 251:114189 (2023). doi: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2023.114189
https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retriev ... 23)00080-9

Zhang L, Liang J, Gao A - "Contact to perfluoroalkyl substances and thyroid health effects: A meta-analysis directing on pregnancy" Chemosphere. 315:137748 (2023) doi: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.137748
https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retriev ... 23)00014-0

2022

Choy ES, Elliott KH, Esparza I, Patterson A, Letcher RJ, Fernie KJ - "Potential disruption of thyroid hormones by perfluoroalkyl acids in an Arctic seabird during reproduction" Environ Pollut 305:119181 (2022). doi: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.119181. Epub 2022 Apr 1. PMID: 35378199.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35378199/
"Females had higher PFAAs than males, possibly due to higher trophic feeding. While FT3 increased with PFOS, PFNA, PFDA, PFDoA, PFTeDA, ∑PFCA7, and ∑PFAA in murres, TT3 decreased with PFOS, PFDoA, and PFTeDA in males, but not females, suggesting thyroid disruption."

Derakhshan A, Kortenkamp A, Shu H, Broeren MAC, Lindh CH, Peeters RP, Bornehag CG, Demeneix B, Korevaar TIM - "Association of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances with thyroid homeostasis during pregnancy in the SELMA study" Environ Int 167:107420 (2022) doi: 10.1016/j.envint.2022.107420
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/a ... 2022003476
- Higher exposure to most PFAS was associated with a higher FT4.
- there was an inverted U-shaped association of PFOS with TT4
Higher PFDA, PFUnDA, PFHpA levels were associated with a lower TT3. Overall, higher PFAS concentrations were associated with a higher FT4/FT3 ratio and a higher TT4/TT3 ratio. There was no association of PFAS with the TSH/FT4 ratio. Higher concentrations of several PFAS were associated with lower TT4/FT4 and TT3/FT3 ratios.

De Toni L, Di Nisio A, Rocca MS, Pedrucci F, Garolla A, Dall'Acqua S, Guidolin D, Ferlin A, Foresta C - "Comparative Evaluation of the Effects of Legacy and New Generation Perfluoralkyl Substances (PFAS) on Thyroid Cells In Vitro" Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 13:915096 (2022) doi: 10.3389/fendo.2022.915096
https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10 ... 15096/full

Jensen RC, Glintborg D, Timmermann CAG, Nielsen F, Boye H, Madsen JB, Bilenberg N, Grandjean P, Jensen TK, Andersen MS - "Higher free thyroxine associated with PFAS exposure in first trimester" The Odense Child Cohort. Environ Res 212(Pt D):113492 (2022). doi: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.113492.
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/a ... 5122008192

Li QQ, Liu JJ, Su F, Zhang YT, Wu LY, Chu C, Zhou Y, Shen X, Xiong S, Geiger SD, Qian ZM, McMillin SE, Dong GH, Zeng XW - "Chlorinated Polyfluorinated Ether Sulfonates and Thyroid Hormone Levels in Adults: Isomers of C8 Health Project in China" Environ Sci Technol 56(10):6152-6161 (2022). doi: 10.1021/acs.est.1c03757
https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acs.est.1c03757

Messmer MF, Salloway J, Shara N, Locwin B, Harvey MW, Traviss N - "Risk of Cancer in a Community Exposed to Per- and Poly-Fluoroalkyl Substances" Environ Health Insights 16:11786302221076707 (2022). doi: 10.1177/11786302221076707
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8842173/
"Our work also suggests that Merrimack residents experienced a significantly higher risk of all-cause cancer, thyroid cancer, colon cancer, and prostate cancer compared with similarly exposed New England communities."

Yao Q, Vinturache A, Lei X, Wang Z, Pan C, Shi R, Yuan T, Gao Y, Tian Y - "Prenatal exposure to per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances, fetal thyroid hormones, and infant neurodevelopment" Environ Res 206:112561 (2022)
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34954147/
"PFBS and PFHxS were negatively associated with early neurodevelopment, especially consistent in gross motor domain. The associations were partly explained by TSH and FT4...FT4 explained 19.63% of the association of PFBS with adaptive DQ [development quotient]."

Zhang S, Guo X, Lu S, He J, Wu Q, Liu X, Han Z, Xie P - "Perfluorohexanoic acid caused disruption of the hypothalamus-pituitary-thyroid axis in zebrafish larvae" Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 232:113283 (2022) doi: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2022.113283
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/a ... 1322001233

2021

Ask AV, Jenssen BM, Tartu S, Angelier F, Chastel O, Gabrielsen GW - "Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances Are Positively Associated with Thyroid Hormones in an Arctic Seabird" Environ Toxicol Chem 40(3):820-831 (2021) doi: 10.1002/etc.4978
https://setac.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/d ... 2/etc.4978

Behnisch PA, Besselink H, Weber R, Willand W, Huang J, Brouwer A - "Developing potency factors for thyroid hormone disruption by PFASs using TTR-TRβ CALUX® bioassay and assessment of PFASs mixtures in technical products" Environ In (2021) DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2021.106791
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/a ... 2021004165
"All PFASs listed in the German guideline for drinking water (German Environment Agency, 2017) affected the T4 binding to TTR, an important plasma thyroid hormone transport protein."

Guo J, Zhang J, Wang Z, Zhang L, Qi X, Zhang Y, Chang X, Wu C, Zhou Z - "Umbilical cord serum perfluoroalkyl substance mixtures in relation to thyroid function of newborns: Findings from Sheyang Mini Birth Cohort Study" Chemosphere 273:129664 (2021) doi: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.129664
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/a ... 3521001338

Kim J, Lee G, Lee YM, Zoh KD, Choi K - "Thyroid disrupting effects of perfluoroundecanoic acid and perfluorotridecanoic acid in zebrafish (Danio rerio) and rat pituitary (GH3) cell line" Chemosphere 262:128012 (2021)
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/a ... 3520322074
"Following a 5 d exposure to PFTrDA, zebrafish larvae showed upregulation of the genes responsible for thyroid hormone synthesis (tshβ, nkx2.1, nis, tpo, mct8) and (de)activation (dio1, dio2). In contrast, both PFUnDA and PFOA induced no regulatory changes except for upregulation of a thyroid metabolism related gene (ugt1ab). Morphological changes such as decreased eyeball size, increased yolk sac size, or deflated swim bladder, occurred following exposure to PFUnDA, PFTrDA, and PFOA. In GH3 cells, exposure to PFUnDA and PFTrDA upregulated Tshβ gene, suggesting that these PFCAs increase thyroid hormone synthesis through stimulation by Tsh."

Sarzo B, Ballesteros V, Iñiguez C, Manzano-Salgado CB, Casas M, Llop S, Murcia M, Guxens M, Vrijheid M, Marina LS, Schettgen T, Espada M, Irizar A, Fernandez-Jimenez N, Ballester F, Lopez-Espinosa MJ - "Maternal Perfluoroalkyl Substances, Thyroid Hormones, and DIO Genes: A Spanish Cross-sectional Study" Environ Sci Technol 55(16):11144–111542017 (2021) doi: 10.1021/acs.est.1c01452
https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acs.est.1c01452

Zhang S, Chen K, Li W, Chai Y, Zhu J, Chu B, Li N, Yan J, Zhang S, Yang Y - "Varied thyroid disrupting effects of perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and its novel alternatives hexafluoropropylene-oxide-dimer-acid (GenX) and ammonium 4,8-dioxa-3H-perfluorononanoate (ADONA) in vitro" Environ Int 156:106745 (2021) doi: 10.1016/j.envint.2021.106745. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 34246126.
"Gene expression data revealed that all three PFASs altered gene expression in both thyroid cells and the altered gene expression seemed to be PFAS and cell type dependent. Taken together, our data reveal that the thyroid disrupting effects is increased in the order of GenX > PFOA > ADONA. "

2020

Aimuzi R, Luo K, Huang R, Huo X, Nian M, Ouyang F, Du Y, Feng L, Wang W, Zhang J; Shanghai Birth Cohort Study - "Perfluoroalkyl and polyfluroalkyl substances and maternal thyroid hormones in early pregnancy" Environ Pollut 264:114557 (2020). doi: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.114557
https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retriev ... 20)30181-0
"Several long-chain PFAS were associated with disrupted TH homeostasis in Chinese pregnant women, especially among TPOAb-positive women."

Buckalew AR, Wang J, Murr AS, Deisenroth C, Stewart WM, Stoker TE, Laws SC - "Evaluation of potential sodium-iodide symporter (NIS) inhibitors using a secondary Fischer rat thyroid follicular cell (FRTL-5) radioactive iodide uptake (RAIU) assay" Arch Toxicol 94(3):873-885 (2020) doi: 10.1007/s00204-020-02664-y
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7441586/
"Notably, two common perfluorinated compounds, perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS) and perfluorohexane sulfonate (PFHxS), demonstrated strong NIS inhibitory activity in FRTL-5 RAIU assay."

Cao XY, Liu J, Zhang YJ, Wang Y, Xiong JW, Wu J, Chen L - "Exposure of adult mice to perfluorobutanesulfonate impacts ovarian functions through hypothyroxinemia leading to down-regulation of Akt-mTOR signaling" Chemosphere 244:125497 (2020). doi: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.125497.
https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retriev ... 19)32737-7
"The results indicate that exposure to PFBS (≥200 mg/kg/day) through reducing thyroid hormones causes down-regulation of Akt-mTOR signaling in granular cells and cumulus cells, leading to the deficits in the development of follicles and the biosynthesis of ovarian hormones."

Conti A, Strazzeri C, Rhoden KJ - "Perfluorooctane sulfonic acid, a persistent organic pollutant, inhibits iodide accumulation by thyroid follicular cells in vitro" Mol Cell Endocrinol 515:110922 (2020) doi: 10.1016/j.mce.2020.110922
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/a ... 0720302227
"PFOS prevented NIS-mediated iodide uptake and reduced intracellular iodide concentration in iodide-containing cells, mimicking the effect of the NIS inhibitor perchlorate."

Kim HY, Kim KN, Shin CH, Lim YH, Kim JI, Kim BN, Hong YC, Lee YA - "The Relationship Between Perfluoroalkyl Substances Concentrations and Thyroid Function in Early Childhood: A Prospective Cohort Study" Thyroid 30(11):1556-1565 (2020). doi: 10.1089/thy.2019.0436.
https://www.liebertpub.com/doi/10.1089/thy.2019.0436

Kim S, Stroski KM, Killeen G, Smitherman C, Simcik MF, Brooks BW - "8:8 Perfluoroalkyl phosphinic acid affects neurobehavioral development, thyroid disruption, and DNA methylation in developing zebrafish" Sci Total Environ 736:139600 (2020)
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32474277/
"At 144 h, several genes related to thyroid hormones that are essential for neurodevelopment, including corticotropin releasing hormone b (crhb), iodothyronine deiodinase 3a (dio3a), thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor (tshr) and nkx2 homeobox1 (nkx 2.1), were up-regulated by 8:8 PFPiA at 5.79 μM. "

Lebeaux RM, Doherty BT, Gallagher LG, Zoeller RT, Hoofnagle AN, Calafat AM, Karagas MR, Yolton K, Chen A, Lanphear BP, Braun JM, Romano ME - " Maternal serum perfluoroalkyl substance mixtures and thyroid hormone concentrations in maternal and cord sera: The HOME Study" Environ Res 185:109395 (2020)
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7657649/

Liang H, Wang Z, Miao M, Tian Y, Zhou Y, Wen S, Chen Y, Sun X, Yuan W. - "Prenatal exposure to perfluoroalkyl substances and thyroid hormone concentrations in cord plasma in a Chinese birth cohort" Environ Health 19(1):127 (2020) doi: 10.1186/s12940-020-00679-7
https://ehjournal.biomedcentral.com/art ... 20-00679-7

Liu W, Yang J, Li J, Zhang J, Zhao J, Yu D, Xu Y, He X, Zhang X - "Toxicokinetics and persistent thyroid hormone disrupting effects of chronic developmental exposure to chlorinated polyfluorinated ether sulfonate in Chinese rare minnow" Environ Pollut 263(Pt B):114491 (2020) doi: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.114491
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/a ... 9119370666
"In the chronic toxicity test, fishes were exposed to Cl-PFESAs at geometric mean measured concentrations of 86.5 μg/L, 162 μg/L and 329 μg/L. In juvenile fishes exposed to Cl-PFESAs for 4 weeks, gene profile sequencing analysis identified 3313 differentially expressed genes, based on which pathways regulating thyroid hormone synthesis and steroid synthesis were enriched. Both whole body total and free 3,5,3′-triiodothyronine (T3) levels were significantly increased. mRNA expression of genes regulating thyroid hormone synthesis (corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH), thyroid-stimulating hormone (THS), sodium/iodide symporter (NIS), thyroglobulin (TG), and thyroid peroxidase (TPO), transport (transthyretin,TTR), deiodinase (Dio1, Dio2) and receptor (TRα and TRβ) were decreased. Uridinediphosphate glucoronosyl-transferases (UGT1A) gene, regulating THs metabolism, was also decreased."

Preston EV, Webster TF, Claus Henn B, McClean MD, Gennings C, Oken E, Rifas-Shiman SL, Pearce EN, Calafat AM, Fleisch AF, Sagiv SK - "Prenatal exposure to per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances and maternal and neonatal thyroid function in the Project Viva Cohort: A mixtures approach" Environ Int 139:105728 (2020). doi: 10.1016/j.envint.2020.105728
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7282386/
"In infants, higher concentrations of the PFAS mixture were associated with lower T4 levels, primarily in males...there may be combined effects of prenatal exposure to multiple PFAS on maternal and neonatal thyroid function, but the direction and magnitude of these effects may vary across individual PFAS."

Xie W, Zhong W, Appenzeller BMR, et al. - "Nexus between perfluoroalkyl compounds (PFCs) and human thyroid dysfunction: A systematic review evidenced from laboratory investigations and epidemiological studies" Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology (2020)
https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10 ... 20.1795052

2019

Aimuzi R, Luo K, Chen Q, Wang H, Feng L, Ouyang F, Zhang J - "Perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances and fetal thyroid hormone levels in umbilical cord blood among newborns by prelabor caesarean delivery" Environ Int 130:104929 (2019) doi: 10.1016/j.envint.2019.104929
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7021220/
"Moreover, we found a positive association between PFDoA and free thyroxine (FT4) levels (β = 0.190, 95% CI: 0.063, 0.304) after adjusting for potential confounders. Free tri-iodothyronine (FT3) levels were positively associated with concentrations of PFOS (β = 0.059, 95% CI: 0.023, 0.100), but negatively associated with PFDoA (β = -0.153, 95% CI: -0.212, -0.106). We also observed gender disparity in the associations of PFAS exposure and FT3, FT4, TSH levels. Conclusion: Our results suggest that prenatal exposure to certain PFAS may disrupt fetal thyroid function. The effect may be gender-specific."

Caron-Beaudoin É, Ayotte P, Laouan Sidi EA; Community of Lac Simon; Community of Winneway – Long Point First Nation; CSSS Tshukuminu Kanani of Nutashkuan; Community of Unamen Shipu; Gros-Louis McHugh N, Lemire M - "Exposure to perfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) and associations with thyroid parameters in First Nation children and youth from Quebec" Environ Int 128:13-23 (2019) doi: 10.1016/j.envint.2019.04.029
w.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0160412018330368
"Free T4 were positively associated with PFNA concentrations in adjusted models." NOTE: Total n = 186 | 31 had more-than-adequate iodine levels (16.8%) (200-300 ug/L); 12 had excessive iodine levels (5.9%) >300 ug/L|

Inoue K, Ritz B, Andersen SL, Ramlau-Hansen CH, Høyer BB, Bech BH, Henriksen TB, Bonefeld-Jørgensen EC, Olsen J, Liew Z - "Perfluoroalkyl Substances and Maternal Thyroid Hormones in Early Pregnancy; Findings in the Danish National Birth Cohort." Environ Health Perspect. 127(11):117002 (2019) doi: 10.1289/EHP5482
https://ehp.niehs.nih.gov/doi/10.1289/EHP5482

Itoh S, Araki A, Miyashita C, Yamazaki K, Goudarzi H, Minatoya M, Ait Bamai Y, Kobayashi S, Okada E, Kashino I, Yuasa M, Baba T, Kishi R - "Association between perfluoroalkyl substance exposure and thyroid hormone/thyroid antibody levels in maternal and cord blood: The Hokkaido Study" Environ Int 133(Pt A):105139 (2019) doi: 10.1016/j.envint.2019.105139
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/a ... 2019301199
"Among boys, some maternal PFASs were associated with higher TSH and lower FT3 levels in maternal TA-negative group [Thyroid Antibodies], while perfluorodecanoic acid was associated with lower TSH in maternal TA-positive group. Among girls, some PFAS of mothers showed associations with lower TSH and higher FT3 in maternal TA-negative group, while perfluorododecanoic acid was associated with lower FT4 in maternal TA-positive. Maternal PFASs showed associations with boy's TgAb inversely in maternal TA-negative group and with girl's TgAb positively in maternal TA-positive group. Conclusions: Our results suggest thyroid disrupting effects of PFAS exposure and susceptibility vary depending on maternal TA levels."

Panth P, Guerin G, DiMarco NM - "A Review of Iodine Status of Women of Reproductive Age in the USA" Biol Trace Elem Res 188(1):208-220 (2019) doi: 10.1007/s12011-018-1606-5
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6373336/
"When iodine levels are low, and TPO antibodies are present, PFAS may disrupt thyroid function and alter thyroid hormone levels."

Reardon AJF, Khodayari Moez E, Dinu I, Goruk S, Field CJ, Kinniburgh DW, MacDonald AM, Martin JW; APrON Study - "Longitudinal analysis reveals early-pregnancy associations between perfluoroalkyl sulfonates and thyroid hormone status in a Canadian prospective birth cohort" Environ Int 129:389-399 (2019) doi: 10.1016/j.envint.2019.04.023 APrON
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/a ... 2018332094
"In TPOAb-positive women, negative associations were found between PFUnA and FT4, and 1m-PFOS and TSH, supporting previous studies that thyroid disorder could increase susceptibility to PFAA-mediated hormone dysregulation...Higher perfluoroalkyl sulfonate [PFOS] exposures were associated with higher TSH and/or lower FT4, strongly suggestive that PFHxS and branched PFOS isomers are risk factors for subclinical maternal hypothyroidism."

2018

Blake BE, Pinney SM, Hines EP, Fenton SE, Ferguson KK - "Associations between longitudinal serum perfluoroalkyl substance (PFAS) levels and measures of thyroid hormone, kidney function, and body mass index in the Fernald Community Cohort" Environ Pollut 242(Pt A):894-904 (2018). doi: 10.1016/j.envpol.2018.07.042
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30373035/
"In adjusted repeated measures models, we observed several notable associations between serum PFAS and thyroid hormones as well as kidney function as measured by estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR). An interquartile (IQR) increase in serum PFOS was associated with a 9.75% (95% CI = 1.72, 18.4) increase in thyroid stimulating hormone. An IQR increase in serum PFNA, PFHxS, and PFDeA was associated with a -1.61% (95% CI = -3.53, -0.59), -2.06% (95% CI = -3.53, -0.59), and -2.20% (95% CI = -4.25, -0.14) change in eGFR, respectively. On the other hand, an IQR increase in serum Me-PFOSA was associated with a 1.53% (95% CI = 0.34, 2.73) increase in eGFR...Our findings are in agreement with previous reports that serum PFAS are associated with altered kidney and thyroid function."

Byrne SC, Miller P, Seguinot-Medina S, Waghiyi V, Buck CL, von Hippel FA, Carpenter DO - "Exposure to perfluoroalkyl substances and associations with serum thyroid hormones in a remote population of Alaska Natives" Environ Res 166:537-543 (2018)
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6932630/
"Serum PFASs are associated with circulating thyroid hormone concentrations in a remote population of Alaska Natives. The effects of PFAS exposure on thyroid hormone homeostasis may differ between sexes."

Chen L, Hu C, Tsui MMP, Wan T, Peterson DR, Shi Q, Lam PKS, Au DWT, Lam JCW, Zhou B - "Multigenerational Disruption of the Thyroid Endocrine System in Marine Medaka after a Life-Cycle Exposure to Perfluorobutanesulfonate" Environ Sci Technol 52(7):4432-4439 (2018) doi: 10.1021/acs.est.8b00700.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29565584/
"PFBS exposure decreased the levels of 3,5,3'-triiodothyronine (T3) in F0 female blood; however, it increased T3 or thyroxine (T4) levels in F0 brains, in which hyperthyroidism suppressed the local transcription of 5'-deiodinase 2 ( Dio2). Obviously decreased T3 was transferred to F1 eggs, although the parental influences were reversed in F1 larvae. Delayed hatching was coupled with elevated T3 levels in F1 larvae. F1 adults showed comparable symptoms of thyroidal disruption with F0 adults. A slight recovery was noted in the F2 generation, although F2 larvae still exhibited thyroid disruption and synthesized excessive T4. Our results suggested that the offspring suffered more severe dysfunction of the thyroidal axis albeit without direct exposure."

Preston EV, Webster TF, Oken E, Claus Henn B, McClean MD, Rifas-Shiman SL, Pearce EN, Braverman LE, Calafat AM, Ye X, Sagiv SK - "Maternal Plasma per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substance Concentrations in Early Pregnancy and Maternal and Neonatal Thyroid Function in a Prospective Birth Cohort: Project Viva (USA)" Environ Health Perspect 126(2):027013 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP2534.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29488882/
"In this study, prenatal exposure to some PFASs during early pregnancy was inversely associated with maternal FT4I and neonatal T4 in male infants. These results support the hypothesis that prenatal exposure to PFASs influences thyroid function in both mothers and infants."

Song P, Li D, Wang X, Zhong X - "Effects of perfluorooctanoic acid exposure during pregnancy on the reproduction and development of male offspring mice" Andrologia 50(8):e13059 (2018) doi: 10.1111/and.13059
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/and.13059
"The expression of Dlk1-Dio3 imprinted gene cluster showed a decreasing trend, where Glt2, Rian and Dio3 gene expressions were significantly reduced (p < 0.05) on PND 21."

Zhang S, Guo X, Lu S, Sang N, Li G, Xie P, Liu C, Zhang L, Xing Y - "Exposure to PFDoA causes disruption of the hypothalamus-pituitary-thyroid axis in zebrafish larvae" Environ Pollut 235:974-982 (2018). doi: 10.1016/j.envpol.2018.01.015
https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retriev ... 17)32645-3
"Upregulation and downregulation of iodothyronine deiodinases (dio1) gene expression were observed upon the treatment of 1.2 mg/L and 6 mg/L PFDoA, respectively. All the data demonstrated that gene expression in the HPT axis altered after different PFDoA treatment and the potential mechanisms of the disruption of thyroid status could occur at several steps in the process of synthesis, regulation, and action of thyroid hormones."

2017

Berg V, Nøst TH, Pettersen RD, Hansen S, Veyhe AS, Jorde R, Odland JØ, Sandanger TM - "Persistent Organic Pollutants and the Association with Maternal and Infant Thyroid Homeostasis: A Multipollutant Assessment" Environ Health Perspect 125(1):127-133 (2017). doi: 10.1289/EHP152
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5226691/

Kar S, Sepúlveda MS, Roy K, Leszczynski J - "Endocrine-disrupting activity of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances: Exploring combined approaches of ligand and structure based modeling" Chemosphere 184:514-523 (2017) doi: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.06.024
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/a ... 3517309268

Lee JE, Choi K - "Perfluoroalkyl substances exposure and thyroid hormones in humans: epidemiological observations and implications" Ann Pediatr Endocrinol Metab 22(1):6-14 (2017)
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5401824/
"Moreover, among pregnant women and their infants, not only major PFASs such as perfluorooctane sulfonic acid and perfluorooctanoic acid, but also those with shorter or longer carbon chains showed significant associations with thyroid hormones."

Li Y, Cheng Y, Xie Z, Zeng F - "Perfluorinated alkyl substances in serum of the southern Chinese general population and potential impact on thyroid hormones" Sci Rep 7:43380 (2017). doi: 10.1038/srep43380
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5327476/
"In the hyperthyroidism group (n = 57), negative correlations were found between elevated FT3 and PFOS (p < 0.05), PFOA and PFHxS levels, whereas in the hypothyroidism group (n = 17), the opposite positive associations were observed between reduced FT3 and PFOS, PFOA and PFHxS levels. There are also opposite associations between TSH and PFOS, PFOA and PFHxS levels in hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism group."

Tsai MS, Lin CC, Chen MH, Hsieh WS, Chen PC - "Perfluoroalkyl substances and thyroid hormones in cord blood" Environ Pollut 222:543-548 (2017) doi: 10.1016/j.envpol.2016.11.027
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/a ... 9116321601
"We found that cord blood thyroid hormone levels are affected by PFASs, with a negative association between T4 and PFOS and a positive association between TSH and PFOS."

2016

Dong H, Curran I, Williams A, Bondy G, Yauk CL, Wade MG - "Hepatic miRNA profiles and thyroid hormone homeostasis in rats exposed to dietary potassium perfluorooctanesulfonate (PFOS)" Environ Toxicol Pharmacol 41:201-10 (2016). doi: 10.1016/j.etap.2015.12.009
https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retriev ... 15)30151-4
"qRT-PCR confirmed this result, revealing significant changes in Dio1 expression...The results suggest that the molecular initiating events involved in PFOS-induced hypothyroxinemia include TH deiodination, conjugation, and clearance."

Du J, Wang S, You H, Liu Z - "Effects of ZnO nanoparticles on perfluorooctane sulfonate induced thyroid-disrupting on zebrafish larvae" J Environ Sci (China) 47:153-164 (2016)
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27593282/
"Co-exposure also increased the triiodothyronine (T3) levels, whereas the thyroxine (T4) content remained unchanged. Compared with the exposure to PFOS alone, exposure to both PFOS (0.8mg/L) and nano-ZnO (50mg/L) significantly up-regulated the expression of corticotropin-releasing factor, sodium/iodidesymporter, iodothyronine deiodinases and thyroid receptors and significantly down-regulated the expression of thyroid-stimulating hormone, thyroglobulin (TG), transthyretin (TTR) and thyroid receptors."

Kim DH, Kim UJ, Kim HY, Choi SD, Oh JE - "Perfluoroalkyl substances in serum from South Korean infants with congenital hypothyroidism and healthy infants--Its relationship with thyroid hormones" Environ Res 147:399-404 (2016). doi: 10.1016/j.envres.2016.02.037
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/a ... 5116300780

Webster GM, Rauch SA, Marie NS, Mattman A, Lanphear BP, Venners SA - "Cross-Sectional Associations of Serum Perfluoroalkyl Acids and Thyroid Hormones in U.S. Adults: Variation According to TPOAb and Iodine Status (NHANES 2007-2008)" Environ Health Perspect 124(7):935-42 (2016) doi: 10.1289/ehp.1409589
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4937851/

Yang L, Li J, Lai J, Luan H, Cai Z, Wang Y, Zhao Y, Wu Y - "Placental Transfer of Perfluoroalkyl Substances and Associations with Thyroid Hormones: Beijing Prenatal Exposure Study" Sci Rep 6:21699 (2016)
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/labs/pmc/a ... MC4762009/

2014

Webster GM, Venners SA, Mattman A, Martin JW - "Associations between perfluoroalkyl acids (PFASs) and maternal thyroid hormones in early pregnancy: a population-based cohort study" Environ Res 133:338-47 (2014) doi: 10.1016/j.envres.2014.06.012
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/a ... 5114002084 CHirP -> Vancouver, Canada
"PFASs were positively associated with TSH, and weakly negatively associated with fT4 in the subset of pregnant women with high TPOAb, which occurs in 6-10% of pregnancies. PFASs may exacerbate the already high TSH and low fT4 levels in these women during early pregnancy, which is a critical time of thyroid hormone-mediated fetal brain development."

2013

Jain RB - "Association between thyroid profile and perfluoroalkyl acids: data from NHNAES 2007-2008" Environ Res 126:51-9 (2013)
https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retriev ... 13)00148-5
"TSH levels increased with increase in levels of PFOA (p<0.01)...Males had statistically significantly higher levels of FT3 than females and females had statistically significantly higher levels of TT4 than males. As compared to non-Hispanics whites and Hispanics, non-Hispanic blacks had lower levels of TSH, FT3, TT3, and TT4 but Hispanics had the lowest levels of TGN...those whowere iodine deficient did have statistically significant higher TT3 levels than those who were iodine replete."

2012

Cassone CG, Vongphachan V, Chiu S, Williams KL, Letcher RJ, Pelletier E, Crump D, Kennedy SW - "In ovo effects of perfluorohexane sulfonate and perfluorohexanoate on pipping success, development, mRNA expression, and thyroid hormone levels in chicken embryos" Toxicol Sci 127(1):216-24 (2012) doi: 10.1093/toxsci/kfs072
https://academic.oup.com/toxsci/article ... 16/1637202
"Type II and type III 5'-deiodinases (D2 and D3) and cytochrome P450 3A37 mRNA levels were induced in liver tissue of chicken embryos exposed to PFHxS, whereas D2, neurogranin (RC3), and octamer motif binding factor 1 mRNA levels were upregulated in cerebral cortex."

Song M, Kim YJ, Park YK, Ryu JC - "Changes in thyroid peroxidase activity in response to various chemicals" J Environ Monit 14(8):2121-6 (2012). doi: 10.1039/c2em30106g
https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/article ... c2em30106g
PFOS and PFOA decreased TPO activity

2011

Cheng Y, Cui Y, Chen HM, Xie WP - "Thyroid disruption effects of environmental level perfluorooctane sulfonates (PFOS) in Xenopus laevis" Ecotoxicology 20(8):2069-78 (2011)
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21809121/
"In addition, PFOS exposure resulted in up-regulation of thyroid hormone-regulated genes-thyroid receptor beta A (TRβA), basic transcription element-binding protein (BTEB) and type II deiodinase (DI2) mRNA expression, presented as an inverted U-shaped dose response pattern."

Vongphachan V, Cassone CG, Wu D, Chiu S, Crump D, Kennedy SW - "Effects of perfluoroalkyl compounds on mRNA expression levels of thyroid hormone-responsive genes in primary cultures of avian neuronal cells" Toxicol Sci 120(2):392-402 (2011). doi: 10.1093/toxsci/kfq395
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3061477/
"Short-chained PFCs (less than eight carbons) altered the expression of TH-responsive genes (D2, D3, TTR, and RC3) in chicken embryonic neuronal cells to a greater extent than long-chained PFCs (more than or equal to eight carbons). Variable transcriptional changes were observed in herring gull embryonic neuronal cells exposed to short-chained PFCs; mRNA levels of Oct-1 and RC3 were upregulated."

2009

Yu WG, Liu W, Jin YH - "Effects of perfluorooctane sulfonate on rat thyroid hormone biosynthesis and metabolism" Environ Toxicol Chem 28(5):990-6. (2009) doi: 10.1897/08-345.1.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19045937/
"Serum total T4 level decreased significantly at all applied dosages, whereas total T3 level increased markedly only at 1.7 mg/L of PFOS. No statistically significant toxic effects of PFOS on serum TSH were observed. Hepatic UGTIA1, but not UGT1A6, mRNA was up-regulated at 5.0 and 15.0 mg/L of PFOS. Treatment with PFOS lowered hepatic DIO1 mRNA at 15.0 mg/L but increased thyroidal DIO1 mRNA dose dependently. The activity of TPO, NIS, and TSHR mRNA in thyroid were unaffected by PFOS treatment. These results indicate that increased hepatic T4 glucuronidation via UGT1A1 and increased thyroidal conversion of T4 to T3 via DIO1 were responsible in part for PFOS-induced hypothyroxinemia in rats."

Shi X, Liu C, Wu G, Zhou B - "Waterborne exposure to PFOS causes disruption of the hypothalamus-pituitary-thyroid axis in zebrafish larvae" Chemosphere 77(7):1010-8 (2009)
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19703701/
"The whole body thyroxine (T(4)) content remained unchanged, whereas triiodothyronine (T(3)) levels were significantly increased, which could directly reflect disrupted thyroid hormone status after PFOS exposure. The overall results indicated that PFOS exposure could alter gene expression in the HPT axis and that mechanisms of disruption of thyroid status by PFOS could occur at several steps in the synthesis, regulation, and action of thyroid hormones."

Yu WG, Liu W, Jin YH, Liu XH, Wang FQ, Liu L, Nakayama SF - "Prenatal and postnatal impact of perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) on rat development: a cross-foster study on chemical burden and thyroid hormone system" Environ Sci Technol 43(21):8416-22 (2009). doi: 10.1021/es901602d.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19924978/
https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/es901602d
"The results showed that prenatal PFOS exposure and postnatal PFOS exposure induced hypothyroxinemia in rat pups to a similar extent, which suggested that in utero PFOS exposure and postnatal PFOS accumulation, especially though maternal milk, are matters of great concern."

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