Chao W, Zhang Y, Chai L, Wang H - "Transcriptomics provides mechanistic indicators of fluoride toxicology on endochondral ossification in the hind limb of Bufo gargarizans" Aquat Toxicol 201:138-150 (2018) doi: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2018.06.006. Epub 2018 Jun 10. PMID: 29908452.
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/a ... 5X18303539
""Among the systemic factors, the expression of D1, D2, D3, TRα,TRβ and GHR in hind limb of B. gargarizans larvae were downregulated in 10 mg F−/L group compared to control group...Exposure to 1, 5, 10 and 20 mg F−/L, a significant decrease of Dio2 mRNA levels was detected in hind limb of B. gargarizans at G40. Besides, significant down-regulation of the mRNA expression of Dio2 were observed in hind limb of B. gargarizans exposed to 10 and 20 mg F−/L larvae at Gs 42. However, Dio2 mRNA levels did not have significant difference between controls and experimental concentrations at Gs46. Both Dio3 and TRα exhibited same developmental expression patterns to the mRNA expression of Dio2. The mRNA expression level of TRβ was down-regulated significantly downregulated in both 10 and 20 mg F−/L groups compared to the control group at G40 and G42, respectively."
Guo Wenjing, Wang Tianyu, Xue Wenjuan, et al. - "Interfering effect of fluoride on thyroid endocrine function in zebrafish" Journal of Environmental Science 39(4):1340-1347 (2019)
http://html.rhhz.net/hjkxxb/html/20181018001.htm
"After exposure for 90 days, the expressions of tg , dio1, dio 2 mRNA were obviously elevated in 40 and 80 mg·L -1 fluoride groups ( p < 0.05)..."
Jianjie C, Wenjuan X, Jinling C, Jie S, Ruhui J, Meiyan L - "Fluoride caused thyroid endocrine disruption in male zebrafish (Danio rerio)" Aquat Toxicol. 171:48-58 (2016)
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29024016/
"The transcriptional levels of ...iodothyronine I (DIO1), and thyroid hormone receptor alpha (TRα) were also elevated in all fluoride-exposed male fish after 90 days of exposure, while the inconsistent expressions were found in the mRNA of iodothyronine Ⅱ (DIO2), UDP glucuronosyltransferase 1 family a, b (UGT1ab), transthyretin (TTR), and thyroid hormone receptor beta (TRβ)."
Lin Jin, Lin Fafu, Zhao Hongxin, Jiang Jiyong, Xu Xunfeng - "A study on the relationship between serum rT3 and environmental iodine or fluoride levels" Endemic Disease Bulletin (3):68-70 (1992)
http://www.nmglib.com:8901/article/deta ... ?id=720441
Lin Fa-Fu, Aihaiti, Zhao Hong-Xin, Lin Jin, Jiang Ji-Yong, Maimaiti, Aiken - "High-fluoride and Low-iodine Environment and Subclinical Cretinism in Xinjiang" Endem Dis Bul 6(2):62-67 (1991)
English Translation in: ICCIDD Newsletter, Volume 7 Number 3 (August 1991)
https://poisonfluoride.com/dir/wp-conte ... F-1991.pdf
https://poisonfluoride.com/pfpc/lin-1991.pdf
Liu GY, Chai CY, Kang SL - "Effects of fluoride on the activity of deiodinase in the liver of chickens" Chin J Vet Med 39:14-5 (2003)
http://www.cqvip.com/qk/92143x/200305/7939505.html
First, fluoride causes an increase in D1, then, after 90 days, a severe decrease. (Compare to Zhao et al., 1998;1992)
Sarkar C, Pal S - "Ameliorative Effect of Resveratrol Against Fluoride-Induced Alteration of Thyroid Function in Male Wistar Rats" Biol Trace Elem Res 162(1-3):278-287 (2014)
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25164033/
"...the 5′ deiodinase I enzyme activity was found to be decreased by 46.15 % (p<0.001) from the control group after fluoride exposure."
Shashi A, Singla S - "Clinical and Biochemical Profile of Deiodinase Enzymes and Thyroid Function Hormones in Patients of Fluorosis" Australian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences 7(4):100-107 (2013)
http://poisonfluoride.com/phpBB3/viewtopic.php?t=552
Shashi A, Singla S - "Syndrome of Low Triiodothyroinine in Chronic Fluorosis" International Journal of Basic and Applied Medical Sciences 3(1):152-160 (2013)
viewtopic.php?f=3&t=553
Wang Ming - "Toxicological Effects of Fluoride on the Growth and Development of Bufo Gargarizans and Rana Chensinensis" Master's Thesis, Shaanxi University (2016)
viewtopic.php?f=12&t=2826
"The expression levels of Dio2, Dio3, TRα and TRβ were significantly down-regulated in the liver, tail and hindlimb of larvae."
Yang H, Xing R, Liu S, Yu H, Li P - "Analysis of the protective effects of γ-aminobutyric acid during fluoride-induced hypothyroidism in male Kunming mice" Pharm Biol 57(1):29-37 (2019)
https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10 ... 18.1563621
"Relative mRNA levels of Dio1, MCT8, ERK1 and TSPO were significantly upregulated in the NCG compared with the control group (P < 0.05) and significantly downregulated in the low-dose GABA groups compared with the NCG (P < 0.05)."
Yang H, Xing R, Liu S, Yu H, Li P - "Rescuing fluoride-induced damages in liver with gamma aminobutyric acid" Biochem Biophys Res Commun 491(1):19-24 (2017)
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28687488/
"mRNA expression of Dio1 and MCT8 increased significantly in NCG compared with those in the control group, indicating that fluoride improved Dio1 and MCT8 activities, promoted transmembrane deiodination of T4 and decreased serum levels of T4. These trends in Dio1, MCT8 and T4 are consistent with other studies. In theory, increased Dio1 and MCT8 activities leads to more T4 being converted to T3 over the short term, which would increase serum T3 levels. However, our experimental results show that fluoride treatment decreased T4 and T3 levels at the same time. This may have occurred because fluoride ions increased Dio1 activity, which catalysed T3 further to T2 or monoiodotyrosine, decreasing serum T4 and T3 levels in NCG mice."
Zhang Y, Xie L, Li X, Chai L, Chen M, Kong X, Wang Q, Liu J, Zhi L, Yang C, Wang H - "Effects of fluoride on morphology, growth, development, and thyroid hormone of Chinese toad (Bufo gargarizans) embryos" Environ Mol Mutagen 59(2):123-133 (2018)
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29024016/
"According to real-time PCR results, exposure to fluoride upregulated Dio3 and TRβ mRNA expression and downregulated Dio2 and TRα mRNA level. All above indicated that excessive fluoride could induce morphology malformations, inhibit embryonic growth and development, and disrupt the normal function of maternal thyroid hormone in B. gargarizans embryos."
Zhao H, Chai L, Wang H - "Effects of fluoride on metamorphosis, thyroid and skeletal development in Bufo gargarizans tadpoles" Ecotoxicology 22(7):1123-32 (2013)
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23934448/
"However, our study suggests that high dose fluoride could damage follicular cells in thyroid, and thyroid damage results in up-regulation of D3 gene expression and a sharp reduction in thyroid hormone. The decrease of TH had double adverse effects: one is that it delays complete metamorphosis; the other is that it retards ossification and inhibits calcium deposition in bone."
SEE also:
PFAS - D1, D2, and D3 deiodinases
viewtopic.php?p=5861#p5861