Studies: Thyroid & Caries

All adverse health effects of fluoride are related to thyroid hormone metabolism.
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Studies: Thyroid & Caries

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Aguilar EC - "Thyroids. Salivary Glands. Iodides in saliva. Their relation to the etiology of dental caries" ADM 22:9-68 (1965)

Al-Rubbaey YA, El-Samarrai SK - "Oral health status and dental treatment needs in relation to salivary constituents and parameters among a group of patients with thyroid dysfunction" J Bagh College Dentistry, Master's Thesis 22:65-72 (2010)
https://codental.uobaghdad.edu.iq/wp-co ... NCTION.pdf

Auskaps AM, Shaw JH - "Hemoglobin concentration, thyroid weight and growth rate in rats during minimum fluoride ingestion" J Nutr 55(4): 611-21 (1955)

Averyanov SV, Kamilov FK, Chemikosova TS, Junusov RR, Gileva OS - "Influence of iodine deficiency on the dental status of the adult population residing in an area with natural iodine deficiency" JCR 7(9):665-671 (2020) doi: 10.31838/jcr.07.09.130
http://www.jcreview.com/fulltext/197-15 ... 1627408858

Beriashvili S, Nikolaishvili M, Mantskava M, Momtsemlidze N, Franchuk K - "Changes in tooth hard tissue mineralization and blood rheology in healthy adolescents and those with thyroid dysfunction" Georgian Med News (Issue):28-34 (2016)
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28009312/

Bixler D, Muhler JC, Shafer WG - "The effect of radioactive iodine and dental caries in the rat" JADA 53:667 (1956)

Bixler D, Muhler JC - "The relation of systemic fluoride and thyroid gland activity to the incidence of dental caries in the rat. II: A comparison of caries incidence under paired-feeding technics" J Dent Res 36:880-882 (1957)

Bixler D, Muhler JC - "The relation of systemic fluoride and thyroid gland activity to the incidence of dental caries in the rat" J Dent Res 36:304-306 (1957)

Bixler D, Muhler JC, Shafer WG - "Effect of replacement therapy on dental caries experience of radiothyroidectomized rats" Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 93(2):328-30 (1956)

Carbone DF, Sweeney EA, Shaw JH - "The comparative influence of thyroid imbalance and limited body weight gain on submandibular gland weight, the protein components of saliva and dental caries in the rat" Arch Oral Biol 11(8):781-92 (1966)
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/5226773/

Gabovich RD, Verzhikovskaia NV - "Effect of fluoride compounds on absorption of radioactive iodine by the thyroid gland in humans and in experimental conditions" Probl Endokrinol Gormonoter 4(3):49-54 (1958)

Haldi J, Wynn W, Law M - "Relationship between Thyroid Function and Resistance to Dental Caries" J Dent Res 41: 398 - 404 (1962)
http://jdr.iadrjournals.org/cgi/reprint/41/2/398.pdf
"The dental caries experience of the animals was increased by propyl thiouracil and decreased by desiccated thyroid."

Keyes PH, Shourie KL - "Dental caries in the syrian hamster. V. The effect of three different fluoride compounds on caries activity" J Dent Res 28:138 (1949)

Khandare AL, Validandi V, Viswanathan G, Shankar Rao G, Balakrishna N - "Role of Carbonic Anhydrase and Triiodothyronine in Dental Caries Affected Children in Fluorosis Endemic Areas" Adv Dent & Oral Health (2018b)
DOI: 10.19080/ADOH.2018.07.555721
https://juniperpublishers.com/adoh/pdf/ ... 555721.pdf

Kshirsagar MM, Dodamani AS, Karibasappa GN, Vishwakarma PY, Vathar JB, Sonawane KR - "Assessment of Oral Health Status and Treatment Needs among Individuals with Thyroid Dysfunction in Nashik City (Maharashtra): A Cross-Sectional Study" Contemp Clin Dent 9(4):619-624 (2018)
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6868612/
Severity of dental caries status and periodontal destruction was found more in study group as (P < 0.05). The prevalence of thyroid dysfunction, severity of dental caries status and periodontal destruction was seen more in females as compared to males."

Liu FT - "Effect of estrogen, thyroxin, and their combination on dental caries and salivary glands in ovariectomized and intact female rats" J Dent Res 46(3):471-7 (1967) doi:10.1177/00220345670460030301
"The relationship between thyroid hormone and dental caries has been thoroughly investigated, however, and it has been found that the thyroid activity is inversely related to carious lesion formation."
(Thyroxine reduces caries)

Maksimovskiĭ IuM, Terent'eva GB, Tsvil'skaia LA, Ermakova EA - "Incidence and severity of dental caries in children with hypothyroidism" Stomatologiia (Mosk) 61(3):80-2 (1982)

Martinelli G - "Relation between dental caries & thyroid function" Boll Soc Ital Biol Sper 33(7):952-3 (1957)

Muhler JC, Shafer WG - "Experimental Dental Caries. IV. The effect of feeding desiccated thyroid and thiouracil on dental caries in rats" Science (119):687 (1954)

Muhler JC, Bixler D, Shafer WG - "The relationship between fluorine and the activity of the thyroid gland on the incidence of dental caries in the rat" J Dent Res 36: 382 - 385 (1957)
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/13428894/

Muhler JC, Shafer WG - "The relationship of thyroid activity to the dental caries experience in mice" J Dent Res 37(3):451-2 (1958)
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/13539253/

Muhler JC, Shafer WG, Clark PG - " Comparison of Effects of Thyropathic Drugs on Experimental Dental Caries and Salivary Gland Function" J Dent Res 42: 768 - 776 (1963)
"In brief review, the induction of a hypothyroid state, either through destruction of the gland by means of I131 or through administration of propylthiouracil, has invariably resulted in a significant increase in the incidence of experimental caries in the rat...The bulk of the evidence has indicated that the thyroid gland is the most important of these endocrine organs in altering caries incidence and that its mechanism of action may be mediated through alteration of salivary gland function."

Muhler JC, Shafer WG - "Experimental dental caries. IX. Relationship of thyroid function to dental caries experience in salivary-adenectomized rats" J Dent Res 36(1):95-9 (1957)
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/13398509/

Muhler JC, Shafer WG - "Experimental dental caries. VIII. Effect of thyroid-testosterone administration on dental caries in rat" Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 88(2):191-3 (1955)

Muhler JC, Shafer WG - "Experimental dental caries. IV. The effect of feeding desiccated thyroid and thiouracil on dental caries in rats" Science 119(3098):687-9 (1954)
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/13156651/

Muhler JC, Bixler D, Shafer WG - "Effect of Replacement Therapy on Dental Caries Experience of Radiothyroidectomized Rats" Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine 93(2):328-330 (1956)
https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10 ... 7-93-22746

Muhler JC, Shafer WG - "Effect of desiccated thyroid and thiouracil on dental caries experience of adult rats" Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 102:327-9 (1959)
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14425028/

Myers JA - "The Role of Some Nutritional Elements in the Health of the Teeth and their Supporting Structures" Annals of Dentistry XXII(2) (1958)

Oncu M, Kanter M, Gokcimen A, Kavakli D, Ural M, Karaoz E - "Effect of thyroidectomy on the histology of rat sublingual gland" APMIS 112(2):119–122 (2004)

Pashaev ChA, Morozova LV - "Effect of fluorine and other trace elements on the development of experimental dental caries in thyroid dysfunction" Stomatologiia (Mosk) 60(4):6-8 (1981)

Pashaev ChA. - "Association of caries and periodontosis in experimental hyper- and hypothyroidism" Stomatologiia (Mosk) 61(4):13-4 (1982)

Pavlova TV, Peshkova EK, Goncharov IIu, Kolesnikov DA, Nesterov AV - "Impairments in the ultrastructure and macro- and microelement composition of hard tooth tissues in caries in patients with hypothyroidism and in those without thyroid disease" Arkh Patol 76(2):17-21 (2014)
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25051720/
"The patients with hypothyroidism were found to have superficial and internal changes in the enamel, dentin, and cement of intact and carious teeth."

Putz Z, Vanuga A, Velemínský J - "Radioimmunoassay of thyroxine in saliva" Exp Clin Endocrinol 85(2):199-203 (1985)

Rathje W - "The formation of hydroxyfluor-apatite in tooth enamel under influence of drinking water containing fluoride" J Dent Res 31(6):761-6 (1952) doi: 10.1177/00220345520310060501
Theory: "Since, moreover, an antagonism between iodide and fluoride is assumed to exist in the hormone production of the thyroid gland, and as only the hormone of the thyroid gland containing iodine possesses a sympathicotonous effect, the inhibitory effect of fluoride [on caries] may possibly be explained by the fact that the sympathicotony of the organism, and particularly of the salivary glands, is reduced, so that a larger quantity of more liquid saliva is produced, and that the resistance to dental caries is thus increased."

Ryan EJ, Kirkwood S - "Explanation of the Effect of Feeding Desiccated Thyroid on the Incidence of Dental Caries in the Rat" Science 121:175 - 176 (1955)
https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/sci ... 1.3136.175

Schneider LC - "The effect of hypothyroidism on caries incidence in adult rats having functioning parathyroid glands" Pharmacol Ther Dent 2(1):43-6 (1975)
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1054857/
"Serum calcium were normal in these rats, and external neck I 131 counts confirmed that they were hypothyroid. After maintenance on a cariogenic diet for 3 months, these animals exhibited a higher caries incidence than euthyroid controls."

Shafer WG, Muhler JC, Clark PG - "The effects of desiccated thyroid, propylthiouracil, testosterone, and fluorine on the submaxillary glands of the rat" J Dent Res 35: 922 - 929 (1956)
https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.117 ... 0350061401
"Fawcett and Kirkwood have proposed that one of the important functions of the salivary glands is to control the level of thyroxine in the blood by deiodinating thyroxine and recycling the iodide ion to the thyroid gland via the saliva and gastrointestinal tract. Their work clearly indicates that the level of thyroxine in the blood is controlled not only by the rate of synthesis of the thyroid hormone but also by the rate of degradation in the salivary glands. Therefore, the salivary glands function as "reverse thyroid" organs, and have an extremely important role in the extra thyroidal metabolism or organic iodide in the body."

"The studies reported here suggest that an intimate relationship exists between the rat thyroid gland and submaxillary gland. It is quite possible that such alterations in structure may result in changes in the salivary secretion, although direct evidence for this is not available at the present time. This is of prime dental interest since changes in the nature of the saliva might easily produce changes in the incidence of dental caries and periodontal disease. Experimental dental caries studies were carried out on the animals described above and have been reported elsewhere. In these studies it was found that thiouracil caused a marked increase in dental caries incidence while thyroid produced a marked reduction. "

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"Children with thyroid disorders showed high prevalence of dental caries and periodontal disease compared to the control group....Enamel defects can be observed in the patients with thyroid dysfunction. These enamel defects can range from small white spots to diffuse or demarcated opacity. Presence of enamel defects is attributed to change in thyroid hormone levels when the teeth are in mineralization phase. In the present study, statistically significant DDE score was found in the thyroid group (0.500) compared to the control group (0.150). Enamel defects were observed both in primary and permanent dentitions." (Venkatesh & Patel, 2016)
Venkatesh Babu NS, Patel PB - "Oral health status of children suffering from thyroid disorders" J Indian Soc Pedod Prev Dent 34(2):139-44 (2016)
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27080964/
"Children with thyroid disorders showed high prevalence of dental caries and periodontal disease compared to the control group."

Venturi S, Venturi M - "Iodine in Evolution of Salivary Glands and in Oral Health" Nutrition and Health 20(2):119–134 (2009) doi:10.1177/026010600902000204

Vitalle MS, Weiler RM, Niskier SR, Braga AJ - "Delayed tooth eruption in adolescents with hypothyroidism" Rev Paul Pediatr 30:613-6 (2012)

Yamama A, Sulafa K - "Oral health status and dental treatment needs in relation to salivary constituents and parameters among a group of patients with thyroid dysfunction" J Bagh Coll Dent 22:1–4 (2010)

Wespi J - "Goiter and caries prevention in pregnancy" Arch Gynakol 195:378-90 (1961)
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/13784555/
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