Gut Dysbiosis - Fluoride - Thyroid Dysfunction

All adverse health effects of fluoride are related to thyroid hormone metabolism.
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Gut Dysbiosis - Fluoride - Thyroid Dysfunction

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Research on Fluoride and Gut Dysbiosis

Both inorganic and organic fluoride compounds may affect gut dysbiosis

Fluoride

Cao Q, Li R, Fu R, Zhang X, Yue B, Wang J, Sun Z, Niu R - "Intestinal fungal dysbiosis in mice induced by fluoride" Chemosphere 245:125617 (2020)
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31855763/

Chen G, Hu P, Xu Z, Peng C, Wang Y, Wan X, Cai H - "The beneficial or detrimental fluoride to gut microbiota depends on its dosages" Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 209:111732 (2021)
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33373928/

Dionizio A, Uyghurturk DA, Melo CGS, Sabino-Arias IT, Araujo TT, Ventura TMS, Perles JVCM, Zanoni JN, Den Besten P, Buzalaf MAR - "Intestinal changes associated with fluoride exposure in rats: Integrative morphological, proteomic and microbiome analyses" Chemosphere 273:129607 (2021)
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/a ... via%3Dihub

Fu R, Niu R, Zhao F, Wang J, Cao Q, Yu Y, Liu C, Zhang D, Sun Z - "Exercise alleviated intestinal damage and microbial disturbances in mice exposed to fluoride" Chemosphere 132658 (2021)
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/a ... via%3Dihub

Fu R, Niu R, Li R, Yue B, Zhang X, Cao Q, Wang J, Sun Z - "Fluoride-Induced Alteration in the Diversity and Composition of Bacterial Microbiota in Mice Colon" Biol Trace Elem Res 196(2):537-544 (2020)
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31741202/

Li A, Wang Y, He Y, Liu B, Iqbal M, Mehmood K, Jamil T, Chang YF, Hu L, Li Y, Guo J, Pan J, Tang Z, Zhang H - "Environmental fluoride exposure disrupts the intestinal structure and gut microbial composition in ducks" Chemosphere 277:130222 (2021)
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33794430/

Li G, Zheng X, Zhu Y, Long Y, Xia X - "In-depth insights into the disruption of the microbiota-gut-blood barrier of model organism (Bombyx mori) by fluoride" Sci Total Environ 838(Pt 2):156220(2022) doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.156220
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35623528/

Liu P, Li R, Tian X, Zhao Y, Li M, Wang M, Ying X, Yuan J, Xie J, Yan X, Lyu Y, Wei C, Qiu Y, Tian F, Zhao Q, Yan X - "Co-exposure to fluoride and arsenic disrupts intestinal flora balance and induces testicular autophagy in offspring rats" Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 222:112506 (2021)
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34265531/

Liu J, Wang HW, Lin L, Miao CY, Zhang Y, Zhou BH - "Intestinal barrier damage involved in intestinal microflora changes in fluoride-induced mice" Chemosphere 234:409-418 (2019)
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/a ... via%3Dihub

Luo Q, Cui H, Peng X, Fang J, Zuo Z, Deng J, Liu J, Deng Y - "Dietary High Fluorine Alters Intestinal Microbiota in Broiler Chickens" Biol Trace Elem Res 173(2):483-91 (2016)
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26997344/

Miao L, Gong Y, Li H, Xie C, Xu Q, Dong X, Elwan HAM, Zou X - "Alterations in cecal microbiota and intestinal barrier function of laying hens fed on fluoride supplemented diets" Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 193:110372 (2020)
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/a ... 1320302116

Mo Z, Wang J, Meng X, Li A, Li Z, Que W, Wang T, Tarnue KF, Ma X, Liu Y, Yan S, Wu L, Zhang R, Pei J, Wang X - "The Dose-Response Effect of Fluoride Exposure on the Gut Microbiome and Its Functional Pathways in Rats" Metabolites 13(11):1159 (2023) doi: 10.3390/metabo13111159.
https://www.mdpi.com/2218-1989/13/11/1159

Qiu Y, Chen X, Yan X, Wang J, Yu G, Ma W, Xiao B, Quinones S, Tian X, Ren X - "Gut microbiota perturbations and neurodevelopmental impacts in offspring rats concurrently exposure to inorganic arsenic and fluoride" Environ Int 140:105763 (2020)
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/a ... via%3Dihub

Sun N, Ni X, Wang H, Xin J, Zhao Y, Pan K, Jing B, Zeng D - "Probiotic Lactobacillus johnsonii BS15 Prevents Memory Dysfunction Induced by Chronic High-Fluorine Intake through Modulating Intestinal Environment and Improving Gut Development" Probiotics Antimicrob Proteins 12(4):1420-1438 (2020)
https://link.springer.com/article/10.10 ... 20-09644-9

Tian X, Yan X, Chen X, Liu P, Sun Z, Niu R - "Identifying Serum Metabolites and Gut Bacterial Species Associated with Nephrotoxicity Caused by Arsenic and Fluoride Exposure" Biol Trace Elem Res (2023) doi: 10.1007/s12011-023-03568-5
https://link.springer.com/article/10.10 ... 23-03568-5

Wang HW, Miao CY, Liu J, Zhang Y, Zhu SQ, Zhou BH - "Fluoride-induced rectal barrier damage and microflora disorder in mice" Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 27(7):7596-7607 (2020)
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31885060/

Wang J, Yu C, Zhang J, Liu R, Xiao J - "Aberrant gut microbiota and fecal metabolites in patients with coal-burning endemic fluorosis in Guizhou, China" Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 30(27):69913-69926 (2023) doi: 10.1007/s11356-023-27051-9
https://link.springer.com/article/10.10 ... 23-27051-9

Xin J, Wang H, Sun N, Bughio S, Zeng D, Li L, Wang Y, Khalique A, Zeng Y, Pan K, Jing B, Ma H, Bai Y, Ni X - "Probiotic alleviate fluoride-induced memory impairment by reconstructing gut microbiota in mice" Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 215:112108 (2021)
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33799132/

Yan X, Chen X, Tian X, Qiu Y, Wang J, Yu G, Dong N, Feng J, Xie J, Nalesnik M, Niu R, Xiao B, Song G, Quinones S, Ren X - "Co-exposure to inorganic arsenic and fluoride prominently disrupts gut microbiota equilibrium and induces adverse cardiovascular effects in offspring rats" Sci Total Environ. 767:144924 (2021)
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/a ... 9720384576

Zhang XL, Yu SN, Qu RD, Zhao QY, Pan WZ, Chen XS, Zhang Q, Liu Y, Li J, Gao Y, Lyu Y, Yan XY, Li B, Ren XF, Qiu YL - "Mechanism of Learning and Memory Impairment in Rats Exposed to Arsenic and/or Fluoride Based on Microbiome and Metabolome" Biomed Environ Sci 36(3):253-268 (2023) doi: 10.3967/bes2023.028
https://www.besjournal.com/en/article/d ... es2023.028

Zhong N, Ma Y, Meng X, Sowanou A, Wu L, Huang W, Gao Y, Pei J - "Effect of Fluoride in Drinking Water on Fecal Microbial Community in Rats" Biol Trace Elem Res (2021)
https://link.springer.com/article/10.10 ... 21-02617-1

Zhu SQ, Liu J, Han B, Zhao WP, Zhou BH, Zhao J, Wang HW - "Fluoride exposure cause colon microbiota dysbiosis by destroyed microenvironment and disturbed antimicrobial peptides expression in colon" Environ Pollut 292(Pt B):118381 (2021)
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34673156/


PFAS

Lamichhane S, Härkönen T, Vatanen T, Hyötyläinen T, Knip M, Orešič M - "Impact of exposure to per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances on fecal microbiota composition in mother-infant dyads" Environ Int 176:107965 (2023). doi: 10.1016/j.envint.2023.107965
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/a ... 2023002386

Lin H, Wu H, Liu F, Yang H, Shen L, Chen J, Zhang X, Zhong Y, Zhang H, Liu Z - "Assessing the hepatotoxicity of PFOA, PFOS, and 6:2 Cl-PFESA in black-spotted frogs (Rana nigromaculata) and elucidating potential association with gut microbiota" Environ Pollut 312:120029 (2022) doi: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.120029
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/a ... 912201243X

Liu S, Zhan Z, Zhang X, Chen X, Xu J, Wang Q, Zhang M, Liu Y -"Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substance (PFAS) mixtures induce gut microbiota dysbiosis and metabolic disruption in silkworm (Bombyx mori L.)" Sci Total Environ 914:169782 (2024). doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.169782
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/a ... 9723084127

Zhou Y, Zhang L, Li Q, Wang P, Wang H, Shi H, Lu W, Zhang Y - "Prenatal PFAS exposure, gut microbiota dysbiosis, and neurobehavioral development in childhood" Journal of Hazardous Materials 133920 (2024) doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.133920
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/a ... 9424004990

  • SEE also: PFAS effects on liver and gut dysbiosis

    Ma S, Sun Y, Zheng X, Yang Y - "Gastrodin attenuates perfluorooctanoic acid-induced liver injury by regulating gut microbiota composition in mice" Bioengineered 12(2):11546-11556 (2021). doi: 10.1080/21655979.2021.2009966
    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8810172/

    Shi L, Pan R, Lin G, Liang X, Zhao J, Zhang H, Chen W, Wang G - "Lactic acid bacteria alleviate liver damage caused by perfluorooctanoic acid exposure via antioxidant capacity, biosorption capacity and gut microbiota regulation" Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 222:112515 (2021) doi: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2021.112515
    https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/a ... 1321006278

    Wang G, Pan R, Liang X, Wu X, Wu Y, Zhang H, Zhao J, Chen W - "Perfluorooctanoic acid-induced liver injury is potentially associated with gut microbiota dysbiosis" Chemosphere 266:129004 (2021) doi: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.129004
    https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/a ... 352033201X

Gut Dysbiosis - Thyroid Dysfunction

Cao J, Wang N, Luo Y, Ma C, Chen Z, Chenzhao C, Zhang F, Qi X, Xiong W - "A cause-effect relationship between Graves' disease and the gut microbiome contributes to the thyroid-gut axis: A bidirectional two-sample Mendelian randomization study" Front Immunol 14:977587 (2023). doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.977587
https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10 ... 77587/full

Covelli D, Ludgate M - "The thyroid, the eyes and the gut: a possible connection" J Endocrinol Invest 40(6):567-576 (2017)
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28063079/

Ejtahed HS, Angoorani P, Soroush AR, Siadat SD, Shirzad N, Hasani-Ranjbar S, Larijani B - "Our Little Friends with Big Roles: Alterations of the Gut Microbiota in Thyroid Disorders" Endocr Metab Immune Disord Drug Targets 20(3):344-350 (2020)
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31566142/

El-Zawawy HT, Ahmed SM, El-Attar EA, Ahmed AA, Roshdy YS, Header DA - "Study of gut microbiome in Egyptian patients with autoimmune thyroid diseases" Int J Clin Pract 75(5):e14038 (2021)
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33482041/

Fröhlich E, Wahl R - "Microbiota and Thyroid Interaction in Health and Disease" Trends Endocrinol Metab 30(8):479-490 (2019)
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31257166/

Ishaq HM, Mohammad IS, Guo H, Shahzad M, Hou YJ, Ma C, Naseem Z, Wu X, Shi P, Xu J - "Molecular estimation of alteration in intestinal microbial composition in Hashimoto's thyroiditis patients" Biomed Pharmacother 95:865-874 (2017)
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28903182/

Ishaq HM, Mohammad IS, Shahzad M, Ma C, Raza MA, Wu X, Guo H, Shi P, Xu J - "Molecular Alteration Analysis of Human Gut Microbial Composition in Graves' disease Patients" Int J Biol Sci 14(11):1558-1570 (2018)
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6158725/

Jiang W, Yu X, Kosik RO, Song Y, Qiao T, Tong J, Liu S, Fan S, Luo Q, Chai L, Lv Z, Li D - "Gut Microbiota May Play a Significant Role in the Pathogenesis of Graves' Disease" Thyroid 31(5):810-820 (2021)
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6158725/

Knezevic J, Starchl C, Tmava Berisha A, Amrein K - "Thyroid-Gut-Axis: How Does the Microbiota Influence Thyroid Function?" Nutrients 12(6):1769 (2020)
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32545596/

Masetti G, Moshkelgosha S, Köhling HL, Covelli D, Banga JP, Berchner-Pfannschmidt U, Horstmann M, Diaz-Cano S, Goertz GE, Plummer S, Eckstein A, Ludgate M, Biscarini F, Marchesi JR; INDIGO consortium - "Gut microbiota in experimental murine model of Graves' orbitopathy established in different environments may modulate clinical presentation of disease" Microbiome 6(1):97 (2018)
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5970527/

Su X, Yin X, Liu Y, Yan X, Zhang S, Wang X, Lin Z, Zhou X, Gao J, Wang Z, Zhang Q - "Gut Dysbiosis Contributes to the Imbalance of Treg and Th17 Cells in Graves' Disease Patients by Propionic Acid" J Clin Endocrinol Metab 105(11):dgaa511 (2020)
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32785703/

Su X, Zhao Y, Li Y, Ma S, Wang Z - "Gut dysbiosis is associated with primary hypothyroidism with interaction on gut-thyroid axis" Clin Sci (Lond) 134(12):1521-1535 (2020) doi: 10.1042/CS20200475
https://portlandpress.com/clinsci/artic ... th-primary
"The short chain fatty acid producing ability of the primary hypothyroidism patients' gut was significantly decreased, which resulted in the increased serum lipopolysaccharide (LPS) levels."

Talebi S, Karimifar M, Heidari Z, Mohammadi H, Askari G - " The effects of synbiotic supplementation on thyroid function and inflammation in hypothyroid patients: A randomized, double‑blind, placebo‑controlled trial" Complement Ther Med 48:102234 (2020)
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31987229/

Virili C, Stramazzo I, Centanni M - "Gut microbiome and thyroid autoimmunity" Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab 35(3):101506 (2021). doi: 10.1016/j.beem.2021.101506
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/a ... 0X21000233

Wang B, Xu Y, Hou X, Li J, Cai Y, Hao Y, Ouyang Q, Wu B, Sun Z, Zhang M, Ban Y - "Small Intestinal Bacterial Overgrowth in Subclinical Hypothyroidism of Pregnant Women" Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 12:604070 (2021)
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8181748/

Yao Z, Zhao M, Gong Y, Chen W, Wang Q, Fu Y, Guo T, Zhao J, Gao L, Bo T - "Relation of Gut Microbes and L-Thyroxine Through Altered Thyroxine Metabolism in Subclinical Hypothyroidism Subjects" Front Cell Infect Microbiol. 10:495 (2020)
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33072620/

Zhou L, Li X, Ahmed A, Wu D, Liu L, Qiu J, Yan Y, Jin M, Xin Y - "Gut microbe analysis between hyperthyroid and healthy individuals" Curr Microbiol 69(5):675-80 (2014)
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24969306/


SEE ALSO: IBD

Follin-Arbelet B, Moum B - "Fluoride: a risk factor for inflammatory bowel disease?" Scand J Gastroenterol 51(9):1019-24 (2016)
https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10. ... ode=igas20

Han N, Pan Z, Liu G, Yang R, Yujing B - "Hypoxia: The 'Invisible Pusher' of Gut Microbiota" Front Microbiol 12:690600 (2021)
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8339470/


Sugar & Microbiome

Kearns CE, Apollonio D, Glantz SA - "Sugar industry sponsorship of germ-free rodent studies linking sucrose to hyperlipidemia and cancer: An historical analysis of internal documents" PLoS Biol 15(11):e2003460 (2017)
https://journals.plos.org/plosbiology/a ... io.2003460

Vitamin D & Gut Dysbiosis

Singh P, Rawat A, Alwakeel M, Sharif E, Al Khodor S - "The potential role of vitamin D supplementation as a gut microbiota modifier in healthy individuals" Sci Rep 10(1):21641 (2020)
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/labs/pmc/a ... MC7729960/
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Re: Gut Dysbiosis - Fluoride - Thyroid Dysfunction

Post by admin »

The thyroid hormones (triiodothyronine or T3 and thyroxine or T4) play a crucial role in regulating the metabolism of various tissues, including the gastrointestinal tract.

Thyroid dysfunction can influence gut dysbiosis through various mechanisms, and the relationship between the thyroid and the gut microbiota is complex and bidirectional. Here are some ways in which thyroid dysfunction may impact gut dysbiosis:

Altered Motility:

Hypothyroidism: Slowed metabolism associated with hypothyroidism can lead to decreased gastrointestinal motility, potentially causing constipation. Changes in motility can affect the composition and abundance of gut microbiota.

Hyperthyroidism: Increased metabolism associated with hyperthyroidism can lead to accelerated gastrointestinal motility, potentially causing diarrhea. Rapid transit time may also impact the gut microbiota.

Immune System Modulation:

Thyroid hormones influence the immune system, and alterations in thyroid function can affect immune responses in the gut. Immune system changes may impact the composition and balance of the gut microbiota.

Gut Permeability:

Thyroid dysfunction may influence the permeability of the intestinal lining. Increased permeability, often referred to as "leaky gut," can allow substances to pass through the gut lining more easily, potentially impacting the gut microbiota and leading to dysbiosis.

Nutrient Absorption:

Changes in thyroid function can affect the absorption of nutrients in the intestines. Alterations in nutrient availability may influence the growth and survival of different microbial species in the gut.

Inflammation:

Thyroid dysfunction, especially autoimmune thyroid diseases like Hashimoto's thyroiditis and Graves' disease, can be associated with inflammation. Chronic inflammation may contribute to gut dysbiosis by altering the microenvironment of the gut.

Microbiota Impact on Thyroid Function:

The gut microbiota can also influence thyroid function. Imbalances in the gut microbiota may impact the conversion of inactive thyroid hormones (T4) to active forms (T3) and affect thyroid hormone metabolism.
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