Both inorganic and organic fluoride compounds may affect gut dysbiosis.
Fluoride
Bibi S, Kerbiriou C, Uzma, Mckirdy S, Kostrytsia A, Rasheed H, Eqani SAMAS, Gerasimidis K, Nurulain SM, Ijaz UZ - "Gut microbiome and function are altered for individuals living in high fluoride concentration areas in Pakistan" Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 284:116959 (2024). doi: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2024.116959
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/a ... 1324010352
Cao Q, Li R, Fu R, Zhang X, Yue B, Wang J, Sun Z, Niu R - "Intestinal fungal dysbiosis in mice induced by fluoride" Chemosphere 245:125617 (2020)
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31855763/
Chen G, Hu P, Xu Z, Peng C, Wang Y, Wan X, Cai H - "The beneficial or detrimental fluoride to gut microbiota depends on its dosages" Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 209:111732 (2021)
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33373928/
Dionizio A, Uyghurturk DA, Melo CGS, Sabino-Arias IT, Araujo TT, Ventura TMS, Perles JVCM, Zanoni JN, Den Besten P, Buzalaf MAR - "Intestinal changes associated with fluoride exposure in rats: Integrative morphological, proteomic and microbiome analyses" Chemosphere 273:129607 (2021)
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/a ... via%3Dihub
Fu R, Niu R, Zhao F, Wang J, Cao Q, Yu Y, Liu C, Zhang D, Sun Z - "Exercise alleviated intestinal damage and microbial disturbances in mice exposed to fluoride" Chemosphere 132658 (2021)
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/a ... via%3Dihub
Fu R, Niu R, Li R, Yue B, Zhang X, Cao Q, Wang J, Sun Z - "Fluoride-Induced Alteration in the Diversity and Composition of Bacterial Microbiota in Mice Colon" Biol Trace Elem Res 196(2):537-544 (2020)
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31741202/
Li A, Wang Y, He Y, Liu B, Iqbal M, Mehmood K, Jamil T, Chang YF, Hu L, Li Y, Guo J, Pan J, Tang Z, Zhang H - "Environmental fluoride exposure disrupts the intestinal structure and gut microbial composition in ducks" Chemosphere 277:130222 (2021)
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33794430/
Li G, Zheng X, Zhu Y, Long Y, Xia X - "In-depth insights into the disruption of the microbiota-gut-blood barrier of model organism (Bombyx mori) by fluoride" Sci Total Environ 838(Pt 2):156220(2022) doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.156220
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35623528/
Liu P, Li R, Tian X, Zhao Y, Li M, Wang M, Ying X, Yuan J, Xie J, Yan X, Lyu Y, Wei C, Qiu Y, Tian F, Zhao Q, Yan X - "Co-exposure to fluoride and arsenic disrupts intestinal flora balance and induces testicular autophagy in offspring rats" Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 222:112506 (2021)
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34265531/
Liu J, Wang HW, Lin L, Miao CY, Zhang Y, Zhou BH - "Intestinal barrier damage involved in intestinal microflora changes in fluoride-induced mice" Chemosphere 234:409-418 (2019)
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/a ... via%3Dihub
Luo Q, Cui H, Peng X, Fang J, Zuo Z, Deng J, Liu J, Deng Y - "Dietary High Fluorine Alters Intestinal Microbiota in Broiler Chickens" Biol Trace Elem Res 173(2):483-91 (2016)
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26997344/
Miao L, Gong Y, Li H, Xie C, Xu Q, Dong X, Elwan HAM, Zou X - "Alterations in cecal microbiota and intestinal barrier function of laying hens fed on fluoride supplemented diets" Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 193:110372 (2020)
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/a ... 1320302116
Mo Z, Wang J, Meng X, Li A, Li Z, Que W, Wang T, Tarnue KF, Ma X, Liu Y, Yan S, Wu L, Zhang R, Pei J, Wang X - "The Dose-Response Effect of Fluoride Exposure on the Gut Microbiome and Its Functional Pathways in Rats" Metabolites 13(11):1159 (2023) doi: 10.3390/metabo13111159.
https://www.mdpi.com/2218-1989/13/11/1159
Qiu Y, Chen X, Yan X, Wang J, Yu G, Ma W, Xiao B, Quinones S, Tian X, Ren X - "Gut microbiota perturbations and neurodevelopmental impacts in offspring rats concurrently exposure to inorganic arsenic and fluoride" Environ Int 140:105763 (2020)
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/a ... via%3Dihub
Sun N, Ni X, Wang H, Xin J, Zhao Y, Pan K, Jing B, Zeng D - "Probiotic Lactobacillus johnsonii BS15 Prevents Memory Dysfunction Induced by Chronic High-Fluorine Intake through Modulating Intestinal Environment and Improving Gut Development" Probiotics Antimicrob Proteins 12(4):1420-1438 (2020)
https://link.springer.com/article/10.10 ... 20-09644-9
Tian X, Yan X, Chen X, Liu P, Sun Z, Niu R - "Identifying Serum Metabolites and Gut Bacterial Species Associated with Nephrotoxicity Caused by Arsenic and Fluoride Exposure" Biol Trace Elem Res (2023) doi: 10.1007/s12011-023-03568-5
https://link.springer.com/article/10.10 ... 23-03568-5
Wang HW, Miao CY, Liu J, Zhang Y, Zhu SQ, Zhou BH - "Fluoride-induced rectal barrier damage and microflora disorder in mice" Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 27(7):7596-7607 (2020)
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31885060/
Wang J, Yu C, Zhang J, Liu R, Xiao J - "Aberrant gut microbiota and fecal metabolites in patients with coal-burning endemic fluorosis in Guizhou, China" Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 30(27):69913-69926 (2023) doi: 10.1007/s11356-023-27051-9
https://link.springer.com/article/10.10 ... 23-27051-9
Xin J, Wang H, Sun N, Bughio S, Zeng D, Li L, Wang Y, Khalique A, Zeng Y, Pan K, Jing B, Ma H, Bai Y, Ni X - "Probiotic alleviate fluoride-induced memory impairment by reconstructing gut microbiota in mice" Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 215:112108 (2021)
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33799132/
Yan X, Chen X, Tian X, Qiu Y, Wang J, Yu G, Dong N, Feng J, Xie J, Nalesnik M, Niu R, Xiao B, Song G, Quinones S, Ren X - "Co-exposure to inorganic arsenic and fluoride prominently disrupts gut microbiota equilibrium and induces adverse cardiovascular effects in offspring rats" Sci Total Environ. 767:144924 (2021)
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/a ... 9720384576
Zhang XL, Yu SN, Qu RD, Zhao QY, Pan WZ, Chen XS, Zhang Q, Liu Y, Li J, Gao Y, Lyu Y, Yan XY, Li B, Ren XF, Qiu YL - "Mechanism of Learning and Memory Impairment in Rats Exposed to Arsenic and/or Fluoride Based on Microbiome and Metabolome" Biomed Environ Sci 36(3):253-268 (2023) doi: 10.3967/bes2023.028
https://www.besjournal.com/en/article/d ... es2023.028
Zhong N, Ma Y, Meng X, Sowanou A, Wu L, Huang W, Gao Y, Pei J - "Effect of Fluoride in Drinking Water on Fecal Microbial Community in Rats" Biol Trace Elem Res (2021)
https://link.springer.com/article/10.10 ... 21-02617-1
Zhu SQ, Liu J, Han B, Zhao WP, Zhou BH, Zhao J, Wang HW - "Fluoride exposure cause colon microbiota dysbiosis by destroyed microenvironment and disturbed antimicrobial peptides expression in colon" Environ Pollut 292(Pt B):118381 (2021)
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34673156/
PFAS
Lamichhane S, Härkönen T, Vatanen T, Hyötyläinen T, Knip M, Orešič M - "Impact of exposure to per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances on fecal microbiota composition in mother-infant dyads" Environ Int 176:107965 (2023). doi: 10.1016/j.envint.2023.107965
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/a ... 2023002386
Lin H, Wu H, Liu F, Yang H, Shen L, Chen J, Zhang X, Zhong Y, Zhang H, Liu Z - "Assessing the hepatotoxicity of PFOA, PFOS, and 6:2 Cl-PFESA in black-spotted frogs (Rana nigromaculata) and elucidating potential association with gut microbiota" Environ Pollut 312:120029 (2022) doi: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.120029
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/a ... 912201243X
Liu S, Zhan Z, Zhang X, Chen X, Xu J, Wang Q, Zhang M, Liu Y -"Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substance (PFAS) mixtures induce gut microbiota dysbiosis and metabolic disruption in silkworm (Bombyx mori L.)" Sci Total Environ 914:169782 (2024). doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.169782
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/a ... 9723084127
Zhou Y, Zhang L, Li Q, Wang P, Wang H, Shi H, Lu W, Zhang Y - "Prenatal PFAS exposure, gut microbiota dysbiosis, and neurobehavioral development in childhood" Journal of Hazardous Materials 133920 (2024) doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.133920
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/a ... 9424004990
- SEE also: PFAS effects on liver and gut dysbiosis
Ma S, Sun Y, Zheng X, Yang Y - "Gastrodin attenuates perfluorooctanoic acid-induced liver injury by regulating gut microbiota composition in mice" Bioengineered 12(2):11546-11556 (2021). doi: 10.1080/21655979.2021.2009966
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8810172/
Shi L, Pan R, Lin G, Liang X, Zhao J, Zhang H, Chen W, Wang G - "Lactic acid bacteria alleviate liver damage caused by perfluorooctanoic acid exposure via antioxidant capacity, biosorption capacity and gut microbiota regulation" Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 222:112515 (2021) doi: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2021.112515
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/a ... 1321006278
Wang G, Pan R, Liang X, Wu X, Wu Y, Zhang H, Zhao J, Chen W - "Perfluorooctanoic acid-induced liver injury is potentially associated with gut microbiota dysbiosis" Chemosphere 266:129004 (2021) doi: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.129004
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/a ... 352033201X
Gut Dysbiosis - Thyroid Dysfunction
Cao J, Wang N, Luo Y, Ma C, Chen Z, Chenzhao C, Zhang F, Qi X, Xiong W - "A cause-effect relationship between Graves' disease and the gut microbiome contributes to the thyroid-gut axis: A bidirectional two-sample Mendelian randomization study" Front Immunol 14:977587 (2023). doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.977587
https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10 ... 77587/full
Covelli D, Ludgate M - "The thyroid, the eyes and the gut: a possible connection" J Endocrinol Invest 40(6):567-576 (2017)
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28063079/
Ejtahed HS, Angoorani P, Soroush AR, Siadat SD, Shirzad N, Hasani-Ranjbar S, Larijani B - "Our Little Friends with Big Roles: Alterations of the Gut Microbiota in Thyroid Disorders" Endocr Metab Immune Disord Drug Targets 20(3):344-350 (2020)
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31566142/
El-Zawawy HT, Ahmed SM, El-Attar EA, Ahmed AA, Roshdy YS, Header DA - "Study of gut microbiome in Egyptian patients with autoimmune thyroid diseases" Int J Clin Pract 75(5):e14038 (2021)
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33482041/
Fröhlich E, Wahl R - "Microbiota and Thyroid Interaction in Health and Disease" Trends Endocrinol Metab 30(8):479-490 (2019)
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31257166/
Ishaq HM, Mohammad IS, Guo H, Shahzad M, Hou YJ, Ma C, Naseem Z, Wu X, Shi P, Xu J - "Molecular estimation of alteration in intestinal microbial composition in Hashimoto's thyroiditis patients" Biomed Pharmacother 95:865-874 (2017)
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28903182/
Ishaq HM, Mohammad IS, Shahzad M, Ma C, Raza MA, Wu X, Guo H, Shi P, Xu J - "Molecular Alteration Analysis of Human Gut Microbial Composition in Graves' disease Patients" Int J Biol Sci 14(11):1558-1570 (2018)
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6158725/
Jiang W, Yu X, Kosik RO, Song Y, Qiao T, Tong J, Liu S, Fan S, Luo Q, Chai L, Lv Z, Li D - "Gut Microbiota May Play a Significant Role in the Pathogenesis of Graves' Disease" Thyroid 31(5):810-820 (2021)
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6158725/
Knezevic J, Starchl C, Tmava Berisha A, Amrein K - "Thyroid-Gut-Axis: How Does the Microbiota Influence Thyroid Function?" Nutrients 12(6):1769 (2020)
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32545596/
Liu X, Liu J, Zhang T, Wang Q, Zhang - "Complex relationship between gut microbiota and thyroid dysfunction: a bidirectional two-sample Mendelian randomization study" Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 14:126738 (2023) doi: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1267383
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10667917/
"Intestinimonas, Eubacterium brachy group, Ruminiclostridium5, and Ruminococcaceae UCG004 were the risk factors for decreased thyroid function, whereas the genera Bifidobacterium and Lachnospiraceae UCG008 and phyla Actinobacteria and Verrucomicrobia were protective."
Masetti G, Moshkelgosha S, Köhling HL, Covelli D, Banga JP, Berchner-Pfannschmidt U, Horstmann M, Diaz-Cano S, Goertz GE, Plummer S, Eckstein A, Ludgate M, Biscarini F, Marchesi JR; INDIGO consortium - "Gut microbiota in experimental murine model of Graves' orbitopathy established in different environments may modulate clinical presentation of disease" Microbiome 6(1):97 (2018)
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5970527/
Su X, Yin X, Liu Y, Yan X, Zhang S, Wang X, Lin Z, Zhou X, Gao J, Wang Z, Zhang Q - "Gut Dysbiosis Contributes to the Imbalance of Treg and Th17 Cells in Graves' Disease Patients by Propionic Acid" J Clin Endocrinol Metab 105(11):dgaa511 (2020)
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32785703/
Su X, Zhao Y, Li Y, Ma S, Wang Z - "Gut dysbiosis is associated with primary hypothyroidism with interaction on gut-thyroid axis" Clin Sci (Lond) 134(12):1521-1535 (2020) doi: 10.1042/CS20200475
https://portlandpress.com/clinsci/artic ... th-primary
"The short chain fatty acid producing ability of the primary hypothyroidism patients' gut was significantly decreased, which resulted in the increased serum lipopolysaccharide (LPS) levels."
Talebi S, Karimifar M, Heidari Z, Mohammadi H, Askari G - " The effects of synbiotic supplementation on thyroid function and inflammation in hypothyroid patients: A randomized, double‑blind, placebo‑controlled trial" Complement Ther Med 48:102234 (2020)
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31987229/
Virili C, Stramazzo I, Centanni M - "Gut microbiome and thyroid autoimmunity" Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab 35(3):101506 (2021). doi: 10.1016/j.beem.2021.101506
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/a ... 0X21000233
Wang B, Xu Y, Hou X, Li J, Cai Y, Hao Y, Ouyang Q, Wu B, Sun Z, Zhang M, Ban Y - "Small Intestinal Bacterial Overgrowth in Subclinical Hypothyroidism of Pregnant Women" Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 12:604070 (2021)
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8181748/
Yao Z, Zhao M, Gong Y, Chen W, Wang Q, Fu Y, Guo T, Zhao J, Gao L, Bo T - "Relation of Gut Microbes and L-Thyroxine Through Altered Thyroxine Metabolism in Subclinical Hypothyroidism Subjects" Front Cell Infect Microbiol. 10:495 (2020)
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33072620/
Zhou L, Li X, Ahmed A, Wu D, Liu L, Qiu J, Yan Y, Jin M, Xin Y - "Gut microbe analysis between hyperthyroid and healthy individuals" Curr Microbiol 69(5):675-80 (2014)
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24969306/
SEE ALSO: IBD
Follin-Arbelet B, Moum B - "Fluoride: a risk factor for inflammatory bowel disease?" Scand J Gastroenterol 51(9):1019-24 (2016)
https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10. ... ode=igas20
Han N, Pan Z, Liu G, Yang R, Yujing B - "Hypoxia: The 'Invisible Pusher' of Gut Microbiota" Front Microbiol 12:690600 (2021)
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8339470/
Sugar & Microbiome
Kearns CE, Apollonio D, Glantz SA - "Sugar industry sponsorship of germ-free rodent studies linking sucrose to hyperlipidemia and cancer: An historical analysis of internal documents" PLoS Biol 15(11):e2003460 (2017)
https://journals.plos.org/plosbiology/a ... io.2003460
Vitamin D & Gut Dysbiosis
Singh P, Rawat A, Alwakeel M, Sharif E, Al Khodor S - "The potential role of vitamin D supplementation as a gut microbiota modifier in healthy individuals" Sci Rep 10(1):21641 (2020)
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/labs/pmc/a ... MC7729960/