TGF-β (Transforming growth factor beta)
© 2020 PFPC
COVID-19
"Our data suggests that increased expression of TGF-β in COVID-19 patients might be the cause of pulmonary fibrosis... anti-inflammatory cytokines IL-10 and TGF-β were also induced upon SARS-CoV-2 virus infection, resembling the high TGF-β activity found in SARS patients." (Xiong et al., 2020)
Xiong Y, Liu Y, Cao L, Wang D, Guo M, Jiang A, Guo D, Hu W, Yang J, Tang Z, Wu H, Lin Y, Zhang M, Zhang Q, Shi M, Liu Y, Zhou Y, Lan K, Chen Y - "Transcriptomic characteristics of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and peripheral blood mononuclear cells in COVID-19 patients" Emerg Microbes Infect 9(1):761-770 (2020). doi: 10.1080/22221751.2020.1747363
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7170362/
Fluoride
Yu FF, Yu SY, Duan LZ, Yang S, Hou XB, Du YH, Gao MH, Zuo J, Sun L, Fu XL, Li ZY, Huang H, Zhou GY, Jia DL, Chen RQ, Ba Y - "Proteomics Sequencing Reveals the Role of TGF-β Signaling Pathway in the Peripheral Blood of Offspring Rats Exposed to Fluoride" Biol Trace Elem Res (2023 Aug 16) doi:10.1007/s12011-023-03805-x
https://link.springer.com/article/10.10 ... 23-03805-x
"In conclusion, long-term NaF intake may cause inflammatory response in the peripheral blood of rats by upregulating TGF-β signaling pathway, in which RhoA may play a key role." NOTE: RhoA is activated by gq/11
Yu H, Jiang N, Yu X, Zhao Z, Zhang X, Xu H - "The role of TGFβ receptor 1-smad3 signaling in regulating the osteoclastic mode affected by fluoride" Toxicology 393:73-82 (2018)
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29127033/
Zhang J, Jiang N, Yu H, Yu X, Guo F, Zhao Z, Xu H - "Requirement of TGFβ Signaling for Effect of Fluoride on Osteoblastic Differentiation" Biol Trace Elem Res 187(2):492-498 (2019) doi: 10.1007/s12011-018-1387-x. Epub 2018 May 16. PMID: 29770951
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29770951
Kido T, Tsunoda M, Sugaya C, Hano H, Yanagisawa H - "Fluoride potentiates tubulointerstitial nephropathy caused by unilateral ureteral obstruction" Toxicology 392:106-118 (2017) doi: 10.1016/j.tox.2017.10.003. Epub 2017 Oct 9. PMID: 29024711
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29024711/
Suzuki M, Shin M, Simmer JP, Bartlett JD - "Fluoride affects enamel protein content via TGF-β1-mediated KLK4 inhibition"J Dent Res 93(10):1022-7 (2014) doi: 10.1177/0022034514545629. Epub 2014 Jul 29. PMID: 25074495; PMCID: PMC4212320
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25074495/
Parada-Cruz B, Aztatzi-Aguilar OG, Ramírez-Martínez G, Jacobo-Estrada TL, Cárdenas-González M, Escamilla-Rivera V, Martínez-Olivas MA, Narváez-Morales J, Ávila-Rojas SH, Álvarez-Salas LM, Barbier O - "Inflammation- and cancer-related microRNAs in rat renal cortex after subchronic exposure to fluoride" Chem Biol Interact 379:110519 (2023) doi: 10.1016/j.cbi.2023.110519. Epub 2023 Apr 28. PMID: 37121298.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37121298/
Gq/11
Uchiyama-Tanaka Y, Matsubara H, Mori Y, Kosaki A, Kishimoto N, Amano K, Higashiyama S, Iwasaka T -"Involvement of HB-EGF and EGF receptor transactivation in TGF-beta-mediated fibronectin expression in mesangial cells" Kidney Int 62(3):799-808 (2002)doi: 10.1046/j.1523-1755.2002.00537.x. PMID: 12164862
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12164862/
John AE, Wilson MR, Habgood A, Porte J, Tatler AL, Stavrou A, Miele G, Jolly L, Knox AJ, Takata M, Offermanns S, Jenkins RG - "Loss of epithelial Gq and G11 signaling inhibits TGFβ production but promotes IL-33-mediated macrophage polarization and emphysema" Sci Signal 9(451):ra104 (2016) doi: 10.1126/scisignal.aad5568. PMID: 27811142
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27811142
SEE ALSO: ERK/MAPK viewtopic.php?f=66&t=1914
Thyroid
Alonso-Merino E, Martín Orozco R, Ruíz-Llorente L, Martínez-Iglesias OA, Velasco-Martín JP, Montero-Pedrazuela A, Fanjul-Rodríguez L, Contreras-Jurado C, Regadera J, Aranda A - "Thyroid hormones inhibit TGF-β signaling and attenuate fibrotic responses" Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 113(24):E3451-60 (2016) doi: 10.1073/pnas.1506113113. Epub 2016 May 31. PMID: 27247403; PMCID: PMC4914168.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27247403/
TGF-β
A forum investigating the similarities between COVID-19 and fluoride poisoning, thyroid dysfunction and Gq/11 pathways.
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