C-Reactive Protein (CRP)

A forum investigating the similarities between COVID-19 and fluoride poisoning, thyroid dysfunction and Gq/11 pathways.
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C-Reactive Protein (CRP)

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C-Reactive Protein (CRP)
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COVID-19
"Interestingly, not only C-reactive protein levels (70 mg/l [IQR 19–267 mg/l vs. 4 mg/l [IQR 4–18 mg/l], p = 0.006) but also d-dimer levels at baseline (5650 µg/l [IQR 1905–13,625 µg/l] vs. 400 µg/l [IQR 270–1050 µg/l], p = 0.02) were significantly higher in COVID-19 patients than non-COVID-19 patients." (Matsushita et al., 2020)
Matsushita K, Hess S, Marchandot B, Sato C, Truong DP, Kim NT, Weiss A, Jesel L, Ohlmann P, Morel O - "Clinical features of patients with acute coronary syndrome during the COVID-19 pandemic" J Thromb Thrombolysis. 16:1–10 (2020)
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7668406/
"Patients with severe covid-19 with diabetes had higher levels of leukocyte count, neutrophil count, high-sensitivity C reaction protein, procalcitonin, ferritin, interleukin (IL) 2 receptor, IL-6, IL-8, tumor necrosis factor α, D-dimer, fibrinogen, lactic dehydrogenase and N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide." (Yan et al., 2020)

Yan Y, Yang Y, Wang F, Ren H, Zhang S, Shi X, Yu X, Dong K - "Clinical characteristics and outcomes of patients with severe covid-19 with diabetes" BMJ Open Diabetes Res Care 8(1):e001343 (2020)
doi: 10.1136/bmjdrc-2020-001343. PMID: 32345579.
High level of interleukin-6 (IL-6), C-reaction protein (CRP) and hypertension were independent risk factors for the severity of COVID-19.(Zhu et al., 2020)
Zhu Z, Cai T, Fan L, Lou K, Hua X, Huang Z, Gao G - "Clinical value of immune-inflammatory parameters to assess the severity of coronavirus disease 2019" Int J Infect Dis 95:332-339 (2020) doi: 10.1016/j.ijid.2020.04.041. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 32334118; PMCID: PMC7195003.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32334118/
"Early reports have demonstrated severely elevated levels of inflammatory biomarkers and cytokines, including IL-6, C-reactive
protein (CRP)
, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-2R and ferritin (112)." (Atri et al., 2020; Qin et al., 2020)

Qin C, Zhou L, Hu Z, Zhang S, Yang S, Tao Y, Xie C, Ma K, Shang K, Wang W, Tian DS - "Dysregulation of immune response in patients with COVID-19 in Wuhan, China" Clin Infect Dis Mar 12:ciaa248 (2020) doi: 10.1093/cid/ciaa248. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 32161940; PMCID: PMC7108125
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7108125/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articl ... iaa248.pdf

Atri D, Siddiqi HK, Lang J, Nauffal V, Morrow DA, Bohula EA - "COVID-19 for the Cardiologist: A Current Review of the Virology, Clinical Epidemiology, Cardiac and Other Clinical Manifestations and Potential Therapeutic Strategies" JACC Basic Transl Sci Apr 10 (2020) doi: 10.1016/j.jacbts.2020.04.002. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 32292848; PMCID: PMC7151394.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articl ... f/main.pdf

Sun Y, Dong Y, Wang L, Xie H, Li B, Chang C, Wang FS - "Characteristics and prognostic factors of disease severity in patients with COVID-19: The Beijing experience" J Autoimmun 102473 (2020) doi: 10.1016/j.jaut.2020.102473. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 32439209; PMCID: PMC7180376
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/a ... via%3Dihub

Fluoride
"Plasma neopterin levels were positively correlated with urine fluoride levels (r = 0.67, p < 0.001) and serum hs-CRP levels were positively correlated with urine fluoride levels (r = 0.36, p < 0.001). We have found that plasma neopterin and hs-CRP levels are increased in patients with endemic fluorosis. We have concluded that inflammation play an important role in the pathophysiology of fluoride toxicity in patients with endemic fluorosis." (Varol et al., 2012)
Varol E, Aksoy F, Icli A, Arslan A, Yuksel O, Ersoy IH, Varol S, Dogan A - "Increased plasma neopterin and hs-CRP levels in patients with endemic fluorosis" Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 89(5):931-6 (2012) doi: 10.1007/s00128-012-0801-x. Epub 2012 Aug 25. PMID: 22926451.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22926451/

Huayang Tang, Mengru Wang, Gaochun Li, Mengwei Wang, Chen Luo, Guoyu Zhou, Qian Zhao, Lixin Dong, Hongliang Liu, Yushan Cui, Li Liu, Shun Zhang, Aiguo Wang - "Association between dental fluorosis prevalence and inflammation levels in school-aged children with low-to-moderate fluoride exposure" Environmental Pollution (2023) In Press
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2022.120995
"The prevalence of mild DF increased by 3.3% for each 1 pg/mL increase in the IL-1β level and by 26.0% for each 1 mg/L increase in the CRP level."


Gq/11

"The expression levels of Gαq mRNA in PBLs from patients with RA were correlated with RA disease activity (DAS28), anti-cyclic citrullinated protein antibodies, C-reactive protein and rheumatoid factor."


Wang Y, Li Y, He Y, Sun Y, Sun W, Xie Q, Yin G, Du Y, Wang L, Shi G - "Expression of G protein αq Subunit is Decreased in Lymphocytes from Patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis and is Correlated with Disease Activity" Scand J Immunol 75(2):203-9 (2012)doi: 10.1111/j.1365-3083.2011.02635.x. PMID: 21923740.

Qian H, Wang M, Wang Y, Ying W, Zhang J, Huan Y, He Y, Liu Y, Shi G - "Role of Galphaq in pathogenesis of psoriasis, a new mechanism about the immune regulation in psoriasis" Int Immunopharmacol 68:185-192 (2019) doi: 10.1016/j.intimp.2018.12.054. Epub 2019 Jan 15. PMID: 30654308.

Thyroid

Ruiz-Núñez B, Tarasse R, Vogelaar EF, Janneke Dijck-Brouwer DA, Muskiet FAJ. Higher Prevalence of "Low T3 Syndrome" in Patients With Chronic Fatigue Syndrome: A Case-Control Study. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2018 Mar 20;9:97. doi: 10.3389/fendo.2018.00097. PMID: 29615976; PMCID: PMC5869352.
https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10 ... 00097/full
"FT3, TT3, TT4, and rT3 correlated positively with hsCRP in CFS patients and all subjects. TT3 and TT4 were positively related to hsCRP in controls."

"Thyroid hormone withdrawal frequently elevated C-reactive protein to levels that when present chronically, were associated with increased cardiovascular risk in general population studies."


Piciu A, Piciu D, Marlowe RJ, Irimie A - "Highly-sensitive C-reactive protein, a biomarker of cardiovascular disease risk, in radically-treated differentiated thyroid carcinoma patients after repeated thyroid hormone withholding" Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes 121(2):102-8 (2013) doi: 10.1055/s-0032-1333230. Epub 2013 Feb 20. PMID: 23426704
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23426704/

"Total T(3) levels were reduced, and anti-thyroid peroxidase antibody (anti-TPO Ab) positivity, C-reactive protein (CRP) and cortisol levels were elevated."

Lee SJ, Kang JG, Ryu OH, et al - "The relationship of thyroid hormone status with myocardial function in stress cardiomyopathy" Eur J Endocrinol. 160(5):799‐806 (2009) doi:10.1530/EJE-08-0808
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19221174/

Yamakawa T, Sakakibara T, Terauchi Y - "Recurrent Subacute Thyroiditis in a Patient With Human Leukocyte Antigen-associated Predisposition to Graves Disease" AACE Clin Case Rep 8(3):113-115 (2021) doi: 10.1016/j.aace.2021.12.001
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9123581/

Xu J, Huang G, Weng L, Gong L, Mao Y, Li Y, Li M - "Low serum interleukin-38 levels in patients with Graves' disease and Hashimoto's thyroiditis" J Clin Lab Anal 36(1):e24101 (2012) doi: 10.1002/jcla.24101
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/jcla.24101
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