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Thyroid Hormones & Oxidative Stress<\/span> \n Background:<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n Hundreds of papers have been published in recent years documenting the effects of fluoride on oxidative stress. Yet, not one of them has investigated the matter in relation to thyroid function which regulates the oxidant\/antioxidant system – despite the fact that the effects of fluoride on thyroid hormone metabolism have been known for over 100 years.<\/strong><\/p>\n Below is a partial list of 100+ recent studies documenting the controlling effects of\u00a0thyroid status on the oxidant\/antioxidant system in the entire body. Thousands are available.<\/strong><\/p>\n <\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n Selected Studies on Thyroid Status and Oxidative Stress<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n Abalovich M, Llesuy S, Gutierrez S, Repetto M – \u201cPeripheral parameters of oxidative stress in Graves’ disease: the effects of methimazole and 131 iodine treatments\u201d Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 59(3):321-7 (2003) \u201cOur results confirm the imbalance of the antioxidant\/oxidant status in hyperthyroid patients.”<\/i><\/b><\/p>\n Adali M, Inal-Erden M, Akalin A, Efe B – \u201cEffects of propylthiouracil, propranolol, and vitamin E on lipid peroxidation and antioxidant status in hyperthyroid patients\u201d Clin Biochem 32(5):363-7 (1999) Adamo AM, Llesuy SF, Pasquini JM, Boveris A – \u201cBrain chemiluminescence and oxidative stress in hyperthyroid rats\u201d\u00a0 Biochem J 263(1):273-7 (1989) \u201cIt is concluded that hyperthyroidism leads to hypermetabolism and oxidative stress in the brain.\u201d<\/i><\/b><\/p>\n Albano CB, Muralikrishnan D, Ebadi M – \u201cDistribution of coenzyme Q homologues in brain\u201d\u00a0 Neurochem Res 27(5):359-68 (2002) Allen T, Rana SV – “Oxidative stress by inorganic arsenic: modulation by thyroid hormones in rat” Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 135(2):157-62 (2003) Aliciguzel Y, Ozdem SN, Ozdem SS, Karayalcin U, Siedlak SL, Perry G, Smith MA – \u201cErythrocyte, plasma, and serum antioxidant activities in untreated toxic multinodular goiter patients\u201d Free Radic Biol Med 30(6):665-70 (2001) \u201cThe findings show that untreated toxic multinodular goiter causes profound alterations in components of the antioxidant system in erythrocytes indicative of increased oxidative stress.\u201d<\/i><\/b><\/span><\/p>\n Asayama K, Dobashi K, Hayashibe H, Megata Y, Kato K – \u201cLipid peroxidation and free radical scavengers in thyroid dysfunction in the rat: a possible mechanism of injury to heart and skeletal muscle in hyperthyroidism\u201d Endocrinology.\u00a0 121(6):2112-8 (1987) Bartalena L, Pinchera A – \u201cEffects of thyroxine excess on peripheral organs\u201d Acta Med Austriaca 21(2):60-5 (1994) Beckett GJ, Peterson FE, Choudhury K, Rae PW, Nicol F, Wu PS, Toft AD, Smith AF, Arthur JR – \u201cInter-relationships between selenium and thyroid hormone metabolism in the rat and man\u201d J Trace Elem Electrolytes Health Dis 5(4):265-7 (1991) Beckett GJ, Nicol F, Proudfoot D, Dyson K, Loucaides G, Arthur JR – \u201cThe changes in hepatic enzyme expression caused by selenium deficiency and hypothyroidism in rats are produced by independent mechanisms\u201d Biochem J 266(3):743-7 (1990) Beckett GJ, Kellett HA, Gow SM, Hussey AJ, Hayes JD, Toft AD – \u201cRaised plasma glutathione S-transferase values in hyperthyroidism and in hypothyroid patients receiving thyroxine replacement: evidence for hepatic damage\u201d Br Med J (Clin Res Ed) 291(6493):427-31 (1985) Bednarek J, Wysocki H, Sowinski J – \u201cOxidation products and antioxidant markers in plasma of patients with Graves’ disease and toxic multinodular goiter: effect of methimazole treatment\u201d Free Radic Res 38(6):659-64 (2004) \u201cThese findings suggest that the changes in blood extracellular indices of oxidative stress and free radical scavenging in hyperthyroid patients\u00a0are influenced by thyroid metabolic status<\/u>, and are not directly dependent on autoimmune factors present in Graves’ disease.\u201d<\/i><\/b><\/p>\n Bildik A, Belge F, Yur F, Alkan M, Kilidalp D – \u201cThe effect of hyperthyroidism on the levels of Na+K ATP+ASE, Glucose 6 Phosphate Dehydropgenase and glutathione\u201d\u00a0 Israel Journal of Veterinary Medicine 57(2) (2002)\u00a0http:\/\/www.isrvma.org\/article\/57_1_4.htm<\/a><\/p>\n Blennemann B, Moon YK, Freake HC – \u201cTissue-specific regulation of fatty acid synthesis by thyroid hormone\u201d\u00a0 130(2):637-43 (1992) Bolzan AD, Brown OA, Goya RG, Bianchi MS – \u201cHormonal modulation of antioxidant enzyme activities in young and old rats\u201d Exp Gerontol 30(2):169-75 (1995) \u201cThe Spearman’s test revealed a positive correlation between: 1) serum levels of TSH and the activity of SOD in liver and 2) serum levels of Prl and GH and the activity of SOD in mammary tissue of young and old animals (p < 0.05). Likewise, CAT in liver showed a highly significant correlation with serum TSH (but not T4 and T3) levels in young (p < 0.01) but not in old rats…TSH can possibly influence the activity of both CAT and SOD in liver via a thyroid-independent pathway.\u201d<\/u><\/i><\/b><\/p>\n Brzezinska-Slebodzinska E – \u201cInfluence of hypothyroidism on lipid peroxidation, erythrocyte resistance and antioxidant plasma properties in rabbits\u201d Acta Vet Hung 51(3):343-51 (2003) Chattopadhyay S, Zaidi G, Das K, Chainy GB – \u201cEffects of hypothyroidism induced by 6-n-propylthiouracil and its reversal by T3 on rat heart superoxide dismutase, catalase and lipid peroxidation.\u201d\u00a0 Indian J Exp Biol 41(8):846-9 (2003)<\/p>\n \u201cThe results suggest that the antioxidant defence status of cardiac tissue is well modulated by thyroid hormone.\u201d<\/i><\/b><\/p>\n Chehade J, Kim J, Pinnas JL, Mooradian AD – \u201cMalondialdehyde binding of rat cerebral proteins is reduced in experimental hypothyroidism\u201d\u00a0 Brain Res 829(1-2):201-3 (1999) \u201cThese changes did\u00a0not<\/u>\u00a0correlate with cerebral tissue or plasma MDA concentration. It is concluded that hypothyroidism in rats is associated with significant decrease in MDA-bound proteins.\u201d<\/i><\/b><\/p>\n Chehade J, Kim J, Pinnas JL, Mooradian AD – \u201cAge-related changes in the thyroid hormone effects on malondialdehyde-modified proteins in the rat heart\u201d Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 222(1):59-64 (1999)\u00a0FULL TEXT<\/a> \u201cWe conclude that alterations in MDA protein content is yet another potential biochemical effect of TH in cardiac tissue.\u201d<\/i><\/b><\/p>\n Choudhury S, Chainy GB, Mishro MM – \u201cExperimentally induced hypo- and hyper-thyroidism influence on the antioxidant defence system in adult rat testis.\u201d\u00a0 Andrologia 35(3):131-40 (2003) \u201cThe results of the present study suggest that any alteration in the thyroid hormone level in the body affects the antioxidant defence system of testis of adult rats and, thereby, may affect the physiology of testis through oxidative stress.\u201d<\/i><\/b><\/p>\n Cimino JA, Noto RA, Fusco CL, Cooperman JM – \u201cRiboflavin metabolism in the hypothyroid newborn\u201d Am J Clin Nutr 47(3):481-3 (1988) Cimino JA, Jhangiani S, Schwartz E, Cooperman JM – “Riboflavin metabolism in the hypothyroid\u00a0 human adult”\u00a0 Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 184(2):151-3 (1987)\u00a0http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=3809170<\/a><\/p>\n Cornatzer WE, Hoffman DR, Haning JA – \u201cThe effect of hyper and hypothyroidism, hypophysectomy and adrenalectomy on phosphatidylethanolamine methyltransferase, phosphatidyldimethyl-ethanolamine methyltransferase and choline phosphotransferase of rat liver microsomes\u201d Int J Biochem.\u00a0 1984;16(5):567-70 (1984) Danis IuK, Marchiulenite DIu, Danite EIu, Cherniauskene RCh – \u201cVitamin E and malondialdehyde in the blood serum of thyrotoxicosis patients\u201d Probl Endokrinol (Mosk) 36(5):21-4 (1990)<\/p>\n Das K, Chainy GB – \u201cThyroid hormone influences antioxidant defense system in adult rat brain\u201d\u00a0 Neurochem Res 29(9):1755-66 (2004) \u201cResults of the current investigation suggest that antioxidant defense parameters of adult rat brain are considerably influenced by thyroid states of the body.\u201d<\/i><\/b><\/p>\n Das K, Chainy GB – \u201cModulation of rat liver mitochondrial antioxidant defence system by thyroid hormone\u201d Biochim Biophys Acta 1537(1):1-13 (2001) \u201cThe results of the present study suggest that the mitochondrial antioxidant defence system is considerably influenced by the thyroid states of the body.\u201d<\/i><\/b><\/p>\n DeLuise M, Flier JS – \u201cStatus of the red cell Na, K-pump in hyper and hypothyroidism\u201d Metabolism 32: 25-30 (1983)<\/p>\n Doulas NL, Constantopoulos A, Litsios B- \u201cEffect of ascorbic acid on guinea pig adrenal adenylate cyclase activity and plasma cortisol\u201c J Nutr\u00a0 117(6):1108-14 (1987)<\/p>\n Dumitriu L, Bartoc R, Ursu H, Purice M, Ionescu V – \u201cSignificance of high levels of serum malonyl dialdehyde (MDA) and ceruloplasmin (CP) in hyper- and hypothyroidism\u201d Endocrinologie 26(1):35-8 (1988) Faas FH, Carter WJ – \u201cFatty acid desaturation and microsomal lipid fatty acid composition in experimental hypothyroidism\u201d Biochem J 207(1):29-35 (1982) Fernandez V, Videla LA – \u201cHepatic glutathione biosynthetic capacity in hyperthyroid rats\u201d Toxicol Lett 89(2):85-9 (1996) Fernandez V, Simizu K, Barros SB, Azzalis LA, Pimentel R, Junqueira VB, Videla LA – \u201c\u201cEffects of hyperthyroidism on rat liver glutathione metabolism: related enzymes’ activities, efflux, and turnover\u201d Endocrinology 129(1):85-91 (1991) Giacobino JP, Moinat M, Muzzin P, Siegrist-Kaiser CA, Seydoux J, Girardier L – \u201cPeroxisomal oxidative capacity of brown adipose tissue depends on the thyroid status\u201d Mol Cell Endocrinol 61(2):217-25 (1989) Giray B, Hincal F – \u201cOxidative DNA base damage, antioxidant enzyme activities and selenium status in highly iodine-deficient goitrous children\u201d\u00a0 Free Radic Res 36(1):55-62 (2002) Giray B, Riondel J, Richard MJ, Favier A, Hncal F – \u201cOxidant\/Antioxidant status in relation to thyroid hormone metabolism in selenium- and\/or iodine-deficient rats\u201d Journal of Trace Elements in Experimental Medicine 17(2):109-121 (2004) Giray B, Hincal F, Tezic T, Okten A, Gedik Y – \u201cStatus of selenium and antioxidant enzymes of goitrous children is lower than healthy controls and nongoitrous children with high iodine deficiency\u201d Biol Trace Elem Res 82(1-3):35-52 (2001)<\/p>\n Giordano N, Santacroce C, Mattii G, Geraci S, Amendola A, Gennari C – \u201cHyperuricemia and gout in thyroid endocrine disorders\u201d Clin Exp Rheumatol 19(6):661-5 (2001) Gow SM, Caldwell G, Toft AD, Sweeting VM, Beckett GJ – \u201cRestoration of normal thyrotrophin secretion reduces the abnormally high serum glutathione S-transferase levels found in patients receiving thyroxine replacement therapy\u201d Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 29(3):249-56 (1988)<\/p>\n Gredilla R, Barja G, Lopez-Torres M – \u201cThyroid hormone-induced oxidative damage on lipids, glutathione and DNA in the mouse heart\u201d\u00a0 Free Radic Res 35(4):417-25 (2001) Gredilla R, Lopez Torres M, Portero-Otin M, Pamplona R, Barja G – \u201cInfluence of hyper- and hypothyroidism on lipid peroxidation, unsaturation of phospholipids, glutathione system and oxidative damage to nuclear and mitochondrial DNA in mice skeletal muscle\u201d Mol Cell Biochem 221(1-2):41-8 (2001) Guerrero A, Pamplona R, Portero-Otin M, Barja G, Lopez-Torres M – \u201cEffect of thyroid status on lipid composition and peroxidation in the mouse liver\u201d\u00a0 Free Radic Biol Med 26(1-2):73-80 (1999) Gupta P, Kar A – \u201cRole of ascorbic acid in cadmium-induced thyroid dysfunction and lipid peroxidation\u201d\u00a0 J Appl Toxicol 18(5):317-20 (1998) Hermansky SJ, Mohammadpour HA, Murray WJ, Stohs SJ – \u201cEffect of thyroidectomy on 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin-induced lipid peroxidation\u201d Pharmacology 35(6):301-7 (1987) Kang BP, Bansal MP, Mehta U – \u201cHyperlipidemia and type I 5′-monodeiodinase activity: regulation by selenium supplementation in rabbits\u201d Biol Trace Elem Res 77(3):231-9 (2000) \u201cThe 5′-DI activity in the thyroid showed an opposite trend in comparison with peripheral tissues (i.e., liver). The important finding of this study is that in the hyperlipidemic state, deiodinase in the thyroid behaves in a different manner as compared to its activity in extrathyroidal tissues.\u201d<\/i><\/b><\/p>\n Komosinska-Vassev K, Olczyk K, Kucharz EJ, Marcisz C, Winsz-Szczotka K, Kotulska A – \u201cFree radical activity and antioxidant defense mechanisms in patients with hyperthyroidism due to Graves’ disease during therapy\u201d Clin Chim Acta 300(1-2):107-17 (2000) Konukoglu D, Yelke HK, Hatemi H, Sabuncu T – \u201cEffects of oxidative stress on the erythrocyte Na+,K+ ATPase activity in female hyperthyroid patients\u201d J Toxicol Environ Health A 63(4):289-95 (2001) Kozlov AV, Marzoev AI, Andriushchenko AP, Vladimirov IuA, Azizova OA – \u201cThyroid hormones and the level of divalent iron ions in the rabbit liver\u201d Biofizika 29(5):806-8 (1984)<\/p>\n Krishnamurthy S, Prasanna D – \u201cSerum vitamin E and lipid peroxides in malnutrition, hyper and hypothyroidism\u201d Acta Vitaminol Enzymol. 6(1):17-21 (1984) Landriscina C, Petragallo V, Morini P, Marcotrigiano GO – \u201cLipid peroxidation in rat liver microsomes. I. Stimulation of the NADPH-cytochrome P-450 reductase-dependent process in hyperthyroid state\u201d Biochem Int 17(2):385-93 (1988) Lyman EM, Dove JL, Sribney M – \u201cEffect of propylthiouracil-induced hypothyroidism on phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine, and sphingomyelin synthesis in chick liver microsomes\u201d\u00a0 Can J Biochem 54(1):15-21 (1976)<\/p>\n Maddaiah VT – \u201cGlutathione correlates with lipid peroxidation in liver mitochondria of triiodothyronine-injected hypophysectomized rats\u201d FASEB J 4(5):1513-8 (1990)<\/p>\n Mancini A, De Marinis L, Calabro F, Sciuto R, Oradei A, Lippa S, Sandric S, Littarru GP, Barbarino A – \u201cEvaluation of metabolic status in amiodarone-induced thyroid disorders: plasma coenzyme Q10 determination\u201d J Endocrinol Invest 12(8):511-6 (1989) Mano T, Sinohara R, Sawai Y, Oda N, Nishida Y, Mokumo T, Asano K, Ito Y, Kotake M, Hamada M, et al – \u201cChanges in lipid peroxidation and free radical scavengers in the brain of hyper-and hypothyroid aged rats\u201d J Endocrinol 147(2):361-5 (1995) \u201cThese findings suggest that free radicals and lipid peroxides are scavenged to compensate for the changes induced by hyper- or hypothyroidism.\u201d<\/i><\/b><\/p>\n Mano T, Sinohara R, Sawai Y, Oda N, Nishida Y, Mokuno T, Kotake M, Hamada M, Masunaga R, Nakai A, et al. – \u201cEffects of thyroid hormone on coenzyme Q and other free radical scavengers in rat heart muscle\u201d J Endocrinol 145(1):131-6 (1995) Martensson J, Goodwin CW, Blake R – \u201cMitochondrial glutathione in hypermetabolic rats following burn injury and thyroid hormone administration: evidence of a selective effect on brain glutathione by burn injury\u201d Metabolism 41(3):273-7 (1992) Marzoev AI, Kozlov AV, Vladimirov IuA – \u201cDecrease of lipid peroxidation in liver mitochondria isolated from rabbits with hypothyroidism\u201d Biull Eksp Biol Med 93(3):40-2 (1982) \u201cThis is accounted for by the decreased rate of lipid peroxidation (LPO) in mitochondria,\u00a0caused by the deficiency of thyroid hormones in the body<\/u>.\u201d<\/i><\/b><\/p>\n Mayer L, Romic Z, Skreb F, Bacic-Vrca V, Cepelak I, Zanic-Grubisic T, Kirin M – \u201cAntioxidants in patients with hyperthyroidism\u201d Clin Chem Lab Med 42(2):154-8 (2004) Mehrotra K, Morgenstern R, Lundqvist G, Becedas L, Bengtsson Ahlberg M, Georgellis A – \u201cEffects of peroxisome proliferators and\/or hypothyroidism on xenobiotic-metabolizing enzymes in rat testis\u201d Chem Biol Interact 104(2-3):131-45 (1997) Menendez CE, Hacker P, Sonnenfeld M, McConnell R, Rivlin RS – \u201cThyroid hormone control of glutathione reductase activity in rat erythrocytes and liver\u201d Am J Physiol 226(6):1480-3 (1974)<\/p>\n Morini P, Casalino E, Sblano C, Landriscina C – \u201cThe response of rat liver lipid peroxidation, antioxidant enzyme activities and glutathione concentration to the thyroid hormone\u201d Int J Biochem 23(10):1025-30 (1991) Mutaku JF, Many MC, Colin I, Denef JF, van den Hove MF – “Antigoitrogenic effect of combined supplementation with dl-alpha-tocopherol, ascorbic acid and beta-carotene and of dl-alpha-tocopherol alone in the rat” J Endocrinol 156(3):551-61 (1998) Nath N, Nath M, Muddeshwar MG – \u201cAscorbic acid in thyroidectomized rats. II) Ascorbic acid status of the storage tissues and hepatic biosynthesis of glucuronic acid\u201d\u00a0 Acta Vitaminol Enzymol 6(2):91-5 (1984) Nehal M, Baquer NZ – \u201cChanges in hexokinase and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase in red cells during hypo and hyperthyroidism\u201d Biochem Int 19(1):193-9 (1989) \u201cThe observations further confirm the hypermetabolic effects of thyroid hormones on the cellular metabolism.\u201d<\/i><\/b><\/p>\n Pamplona R, Portero-Otin M, Ruiz C, Bellmunt MJ, Requena JR, Thorpe SR, Baynes JW, Romero M, Lopez-Torres M, Barja G – \u201cThyroid status modulates glycoxidative and lipoxidative modification of tissue proteins\u201d Free Radic Biol Med 27(7-8):901-10 (1999) Pandolfi C, Ferrari D, Stanic I, Pellegrini L – \u201cCirculating levels of CoQ10 in hypo- and hyperthyroidism\u201d Minerva Endocrinol 19(3):139-42 (1994) \u201cFinally an inverse relation of CoQ10 with fT3 and tT3, but not with fT4 and tT4, has been shown.\u201d<\/i><\/b><\/p>\n Paradies G, Ruggiero FM, Dinoi P – \u201cThe influence of hypothyroidism on the transport of phosphate and on the lipid composition in rat-liver mitochondria\u201d Biochim Biophys Acta 1070(1):180-6 (1991) Pereira B, Rosa LF, Safi DA, Bechara EJ, Curi R – \u201cControl of superoxide dismutase, catalase and glutathione peroxidase activities in rat lymphoid organs by thyroid hormones\u201d J Endocrinol 140(1):73-7 (1994) Petrovic N, Cvijic G, Davidovic V – \u201cThe activity of antioxidant enzymes and the content of uncoupling protein-1 in the brown adipose tissue of hypothyroid rats: comparison with effects of iopanoic acid\u201d Physiol Res 50(3):289-97 (2001)\u00a0FULL TEXT<\/a> \u201c…suggesting that the\u00a0optimal T3 concentration<\/u>\u00a0in the IBAT is necessary for maintaining basal levels of these key mitochondrial parameters.\u201d<\/i><\/b><\/p>\n Raederstorff D, Meier CA, Moser U, Walter P – \u201cHypothyroidism and thyroxin substitution affect the n-3 fatty acid composition of rat liver mitochondria\u201d Lipids 26(10):781-7(1991) Rahaman SO, Ghosh S, Mohanakumar KP, Das S, Sarkar PK – Hypothyroidism in the developing rat brain is associated with marked oxidative stress and aberrant intraneuronal accumulation of neurofilaments\u201d Neurosci Res 40(3):273-9 (2001) Ramadurai SM, Nielsen HC, Chen Y, Hatzis D, Sosenko IR – \u201cDifferential effects in vivo of thyroid hormone on the expression of surfactant phospholipid, surfactant protein mRNA and antioxidant enzyme mRNA in fetal rat lung\u201d\u00a0 Exp Lung Res.\u00a0\u00a0 24(5):641-57(1998) Resch U, Helsel G, Tatzber F, Sinzinger H – \u201cAntioxidant status in thyroid dysfunction\u201d Clin Chem Lab Med 40(11):1132-4 (2002) \u201cOur study shows that both hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism are associated with enhanced oxidative stress involving enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants.\u201d<\/i><\/b><\/p>\n Ruggiero FM, Landriscina C, Gnoni GV, Quagliariello E – \u201cLipid composition of liver mitochondria and microsomes in hyperthyroid rats\u201d Lipids 19(3):171-8 (1984) Saito T – \u201cSuperoxide dismutase level in human erythrocytes and its clinical application to the patients with cancers and thyroidal dysfunctions.\u201d\u00a0 Hokkaido Igaku Zasshi 62(2):257-68 (1987) \u201cThe author suggests therefore that erythrocyte SOD activity has a close relationship to the state of the thyroid hormones.\u201d<\/i><\/b><\/p>\n Sarandol E, Tas S, Dirican M, Serdar Z – \u201cOxidative stress and serum paraoxonase activity in experimental hypothyroidism: effect of vitamin E supplementation\u201d Cell Biochem Funct (June 2004) Sawant BU, Nadkarni GD, Thakare UR, Joseph LJ, Rajan MG – \u201cChanges in lipid peroxidation and free radical scavengers in kidney of hypothyroid and hyperthyroid rats.\u201d Indian J Exp Biol 41(11):1334-7 (2003) Seven A, Tasan E, Hatemi H, Burcak G – \u201cThe impact of propylthiouracil therapy on lipid peroxidation and antioxidant status parameters in hyperthyroid patients\u201d Acta Med Okayama 53(1):27-30 (1999) \u201cOur findings suggest a selective modification of the antioxidative profile in hyperthyroidism\u201d<\/i><\/b><\/p>\n Seven A, Seymen O, Hatemi S, Hatemi H, Yigit G, Candan G. – \u201cAntioxidant status in experimental hyperthyroidism: effect of vitamin E supplementation\u201d Clin Chim Acta 256(1):65-74 (1996) Seven R, Gelisgen R, Seven A, Erbil Y, Bozbora A, Burcak G – \u201cInfluence of propylthiouracil treatment on oxidative stress and nitric oxide in Basedow disease patients\u201d J Toxicol Environ Health A 62(7):495-503 (2001) Seymen HO, Civelek S, Seven A, Yigit G, Hatemi H, Burcak G – \u201cIron supplementation in experimental hyperthyroidism: effects on oxidative stress in skeletal muscle tissue\u201d Yonsei Med J.\u00a0 45(3):413-8 (2004) Seymen HO, Seven A, Civelek S, Yigit G, Hatemi H, Burcak G – \u201cEvaluation of antioxidant status in liver tissues: effect of iron supplementation in experimental hyperthyroidism\u201d\u00a0 J Basic Clin Physiol Pharmacol 10(4):315-25 (1999) Seymen O, Seven A, Candan G, Yigit G, Hatemi S, Hatemi H- \u201cThe effect of iron supplementation on GSH levels, GSH-Px, and SOD activities of erythrocytes in L-thyroxine administration\u201d Acta Med Okayama\u00a0 51(3):129-33 (1997)<\/p>\n Shinohara R, Mano T, Nagasaka A, Hayashi R, Uchimura K, Nakano I, Watanabe F, Tsugawa T, Makino M, Kakizawa H, Nagata M, Iwase K, Ishizuki Y, Itoh M – \u201cLipid peroxidation levels in rat cardiac muscle are affected by age and thyroid status\u201d J Endocrinol.\u00a0 164(1):97-102 (2000) \u201cConcentrations of alpha-tocopherol in the old rats were high in the hyperthyroid state and low in the hypothyroid state.\u201d<\/i><\/b><\/p>\n Sosenko IR, Frank L – \u201cThyroid inhibition and developmental increases in fetal rat lung antioxidant enzymes\u201d Am J Physiol 257(2 Pt 1):L94-9 (1989) Tacconi MT, Cizza G, Fumagalli G, Sarzi Sartori P, Salmona M – \u201cEffect of hypothyroidism induced in adult rats on brain membrane fluidity and lipid content and composition\u201d Res Commun Chem Pathol Pharmacol 71(1):85-103 (1991) Tapia G, Cornejo P, Fernandez V, Videla LA – \u201cProtein oxidation in thyroid hormone-induced liver oxidative stress: relation to lipid peroxidation\u201d Toxicol 106(2-3):209-14 (1999) Tas S, Dirican M, Sarandol E, Serdar Z – “The effect of Teare JP, Greenfield SM, Marway JS, Preedy VR, Punchard NA, Peters TJ, Thompson RP – \u201cEffect of thyroidectomy and adrenalectomy on changes in liver glutathione and malonaldehyde levels after acute ethanol injection\u201d Free Radic Biol Med 14(6):655-60 (1993)<\/p>\n Tong YJ, Teng WP, Jin Y, Li YS, Guan HX, Wang WB, Gao TS, T – \u201cAn epidemiological study on the relationship between selenium and thyroid function in areas with different iodine intake\u201d Zhonghua Yi Xue Za Zhi 83(23):2036-9 (2003) \u201cThe FT3\/FT4 ratio was decreased, the FT4 level was increased in the subclinical hyperthyroidism patients in comparison with the normal controls….In normal controls serum selenium was inversely correlated with serum TSH level…selenium deficiency can impair thyroid function by means of disturbing thyroid hormone metabolism and decreasing antioxidant ability of the thyroid.\u201d<\/i><\/b><\/p>\n Underwood EJ – “Trace Elements in Human and\u00a0 Animal Nutrition” Fourth Edition. New York and London: Academic Press, P.363 (1977)<\/p>\n Varghese S, Lakshmy PS, Oommen OV- – \u201cChanges in lipid peroxidation and antioxidant enzyme activities by triiodothyronine (T3) and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) in rat liver\u201d Endocr Res 27(4):409-16 (2001) \u201cFrom these results it can be concluded that both T3 and PUFA have profound influence on lipid peroxidation and antioxidant enzyme activities in rat liver.\u201d<\/i><\/b><\/p>\n Varghese S, Shameena B, Oommen OV – \u201cThyroid hormones regulate lipid peroxidation and antioxidant enzyme activities in Anabas testudineus (Bloch)\u201d Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 128(1):165-71 (2001) Venditti P, De Rosa R, Di Meo S – \u201cEffect of thyroid state on susceptibility to oxidants and swelling of mitochondria from rat tissues\u201d Free Radic Biol Med 35(5):485-94 (2003) Venditti P, Balestrieri M, Di Meo S, De Leo T – \u201cEffect of thyroid state on lipid peroxidation, antioxidant defences, and susceptibility to oxidative stress in rat tissues\u201d J Endocrinol.\u00a0 155(1):151-7 (1997) Venditti P, Puca A, Di Meo S – \u201cEffects of thyroid state on H2O2 production by rat heart mitochondria: sites of production with complex I- and complex II-linked substrates\u201d Horm Metab Res. 35(1):55-61 (2003) Venditti P, De Leo T, Di Meo S – \u201cVitamin E administration attenuates the tri-iodothyronine-induced modification of heart electrical activity in the rat\u201d J Exp Biol 200 ( Pt 5):909-14 (1997)\u00a0FULL TEXT<\/a> Videla LA, Sir T, Wolff C – \u201cIncreased lipid peroxidation in hyperthyroid patients: suppression by propylthiouracil treatment\u201d Free Radic Res Commun. 5(1):1-10 (1988) Vladimirov IuA, Marzoev AI, Turchina SL, Pechatnikov VA – \u201cTransmembrane potential of rat liver mitochondria in hypothyreosis\u201d\u00a0 Biull Eksp Biol Med 97(2):167-9 (1984) Vlasov BIa, Buinov BB – \u201cAscorbic acid level in blood serum in exogenous and endogenous thyrotoxicosis\u201d Vopr Med Khim 39(5):37-8 (1993)<\/p>\n Voudouri AE, Chadio SE, Menegatos JG, Zervas GP, Nicol F, Arthur JR – \u201cSelenoenzyme activities in selenium- and iodine-deficient sheep\u201d Biol Trace Elem Res 94(3):213-24 (2003) Williams MT, Carrington H, Herrera A – \u201cStimulation of mouse liver glutathione S-transferase activity in propylthiouracil-treated mice in vivo by tri-iodothyronine\u201d Biochem J\u00a0 233(2):595-8 (1986)<\/p>\n Wilson RA, Hart J, Hall T, Vincent SH – Inverse relationship between total glutathione S-transferase content and bile acid release in isolated hepatocytes from untreated, phenobarbital pretreated and hypothyroid rats\u201d Pharmacol Toxicol 66(2):121-7 (1990) Yan Y, Fang H, Xiang J – \u201cA study on membrane fluidity of thyroid gland in rats with iodine deficiency or iodine excess\u201d Zhonghua Yu Fang Yi Xue Za Zhi 34(5):266-8 (2000) \u201cSerum T4 and T3 levels in the low iodine (LI) group were markedly decreased, and the thyroid SOD and GPx activities and MDA content were significantly increased compared with the other two groups.\u201d<\/i><\/b><\/p>\n Yilmaz S, Ozan S, Benzer F, Canatan H – \u201cOxidative damage and antioxidant enzyme activities in experimental hypothyroidism\u201d Cell Biochem Funct.\u00a0 21(4):325-30 (2003) \u201cWhile glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity levels did not change in heart, brain and liver tissues of 30-day-old rats, they increased in brain and heart tissues of 60-day-old experimental groups, but decreased in the liver. Catalase activities decreased in the liver and heart of rats with hypothyroidism, but increased in erythrocytes.\u201d<\/i><\/b><\/p>\n
<\/u><\/b>\u00a9 2004 PFPC<\/p>\n
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(PFOA increased catalase activity 50-60% in testis)<\/i><\/b><\/p>\n
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taurine supplementation on oxidative stress in experimental hypothyroidism” Cell Biochem Funct. 2004 Dec 22; [Epub ahead of print]
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